A human mission to Mars has been the subject of science fiction, aerospace engineering, and scientific proposals since the 19th century. The plan consists of a proposal to land on Mars, eventually settling and terraforming the planet, while utilizing its moons, Phobos and Deimos.
Mars exploration has been the goal of the national space program for decades. Preliminary work for missions that will involve human explorers has been done since the 1950s, with planned missions typically declared to last 10 to 30 years in the future when they are designed. The list of manned Mars mission plans in the 20th century shows various mission proposals that have been put forward by many organizations and space agencies in the space exploration field. Plans vary from scientific expeditions in which small groups (2 to 8) visit Mars for several weeks or years, to permanent colonization of Mars.
In 2010, many American, European, and Chinese agents were developing proposals for human missions to Mars. They are now developing and testing the technology.
Mars in fiction is often the target of exploration and completion in books, graphic novels, and movies.
Video Human mission to Mars
Travel to Mars
The energy required for transfer between the planetary orbit, or "? V", is the lowest at the intervals set by the synodic period. For the Earth/Mars trip, this is every 26 months (2 years and 2 months), so the mission is usually planned to coincide with one of these launch windows. Due to the eccentricity of the orbits of Mars, the energy required in low-energy windows varies around the 15-year cycle with the easiest windows requiring only half the peak energy. In the 20th century, there was a minimum at the launch window of 1969 and 1971 and other lows in 1986 and 1988, then a recurring cycle. The next low-energy launch window takes place in 2033.
Several types of mission plans have been proposed, such as opposition classes and conjunction classes, or flyby Crocco. The lowest energy transfer to Mars is the Hohmann transfer orbit; The mission to Mars using the Hohmann transfer involves about 9 months traveling time from Earth to Mars, about five hundred days on Mars to await the transfer window to Earth, and a Hohmann transfer of about 9 months to get back to Earth.
Mars's shorter mission plan has a round-trip time of 400 to 450 days, but requires higher energy. Mars's fast mission of 245 day trips can be done with orbital staging. In 2014, ballistic capture is proposed, which can reduce fuel costs and provide a more flexible launch window compared to Hohmann.
In a grand Crocco tour, the spacecraft that was beaten will get flyby Mars and Venus for less than a year in space. Some flyby mission architectures may also be expanded to include Martian landing styles with landing planes. Proposed by R. Titus in 1966, it involved the extension of the flyby mission with short-lived landers. Basically, the landing gear taking off will be separated from the "mother" transfers of Earth-Mars before the flight of Mars. Ascent-Descent landers will arrive faster and go into orbit around Mars or the mainland, and depend on design offerings maybe 10-30 days before needed to launch themselves back into the main transfer vehicle. (see also flyby Mars).
Aerobraking on Mars was estimated in the 1980s to cut Mars mission mass lifted from Earth by half. As a result, Mars's mission has been to design interplanetary spacecraft and landers capable of aero braking.
Maps Human mission to Mars
Landing on Mars
When an expedition reaches the orbit of Mars, it may fall into orbit around Mars with one of two main options: using a rocket to slow down, or aerocapture. The same is true for missions to the surface. The state of the atmosphere, altitude, and properties of the landing site should be a consideration for surface landings. It may be necessary to avoid sites that are scientifically interesting for the sake of a secure touchdown.
Aerocapture on Mars for human missions was studied in the 20th century. In review 93 Mars 24 study used aerocapture for Mars or Earth back. One of the considerations to use aerocapture on a humidifier mission is the maximum limit of G-experience, which is recorded 5-g (5 times Earth gravity) is a common boundary to be planned.
There may be some landers, for example, that are separate for crew, habitat, plow, inventory, climbing vehicle, etc.
Landed spacecraft on the surface of Mars:
- Viking 1 & amp; 2
- Mars Pathfinder (including Sojourner)
- MER A & amp; B (Spirit & Opportunity)
- Phoenix
- Curiosity
Challenges
One of the great challenges to land on Mars is overcome by Mariner 4, when it shows the properties of the atmosphere. Another is the basic survey of the planet, to know what places might be suitable for landing. This has been gradually overcome, with major global surveys conducted by Mariner 9 and Viking 1 and 2 terrorists, who support Viking landers to find suitable landing sites. Then the orbits such as Mars Global Surveyor, 2001 Mars Odyssey, Mars Express, and Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, have helped identify the location of water, important resources.
Logistics
The estimated cost of shipping humans to Mars is approximately 500 billion US dollars, although the actual cost tends to be greater. The biggest limiting factor for sending humans to Mars is funding. In the late 1950s, competition between the Soviet Union and the United States encouraged national priorities to send humans to the Moon. Under the current global geopolitical climate, however, government funding from these programs has declined. The recent participation of private companies in space travel and participation by new countries like India can present new opportunities.
Critics argue the immediate benefits of establishing a human presence on Mars are more esoteric than practical. But proponents of human space exploration argue that while short-term benefits will be academic, the symbolism of building a presence in space can garner public interest to join causes and ignite global cooperation. Furthermore, experts argue that long-term investment will be necessary for the survival of mankind.
Physical
There are some major physical challenges to human mission to Mars:
- Health threats from cosmic rays and other ionizing radiation. In May 2013, NASA scientists reported that the possibility of a mission to Mars might involve a large risk of radiation based on energetic particle radiation measured by RAD at the Mars Science Laboratory while traveling from Earth to Mars in 2011-2012. The calculated radiation dose is 0.66 round-trip sieverts. The radiation boundary of the agency's career for astronauts is 1 sievert. In September 2017, NASA reported radiation levels on the surface of the planet while Mars was duplicated, and was associated with the aurora 25-times brighter than previously observed, due to a massive and unexpected solar storm in mid-month..
- Negative effects of the environment without prolonged gravity on human health, including visual impairment. (Depending on the mission and design of the spacecraft).
- The psychological effects of isolation from Earth and, by extension, the lack of community due to the impossibility of real-time connections with Earth. (Compare the Hermit).
- The social effects of some humans living under narrow conditions for more than a year Earth, perhaps two or three years, on a mission to Mars, and a comparable time when returning to Earth. (Depending on the design of the spacecraft and mission).
- Inaccessibility of terrestrial medical facilities.
- Potential failure of propulsion or life support equipment.
Some of these problems are estimated statistically in the HUMEX study. Ehlmann and others have reviewed political and economic issues, as well as aspects of technological and biological feasibility. While the fuel for round trips can be a challenge, methane and oxygen can be produced using Martian H 2 O (preferably as water ice not liquid water) and atmospheric CO 2 with technology is mature.
Planet protection
Robotic spacecraft to Mars must be sterilized, have at most 300,000 spores on the exterior of the plane - and more sterilized if they contact "water-filled areas", because if there is no risk of polluting not only experimental life-detection but perhaps the planet itself.
It is impossible to sterilize human missions to this level, since man is the host of a hundred trillion microorganisms of thousands of species of human microbiota, and this can not be removed while preserving human life. Containment seems the only option, but it is a big challenge in case of a difficult landing (ie an accident). There are several planetary workshops on the subject, but there is no final guide for the way forward. Human explorers will also be vulnerable to re-contamination to Earth if they become carriers of microorganisms.
Mission proposal
20th century
During the last century, a number of mission concepts for such expeditions have been proposed. The history of David Portree Man to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950-2000 discusses many of them.
Wernher von Braun's Proposal (1947 to 1950)
Wernher von Braun was the first to make a detailed technical study of Mars's mission. Details published in his book Das Marsprojekt (1952, published in English as The Mars Project in 1962) and several later works. Willy Ley popularized a similar mission in English in The Conquest of Space (1949), featuring illustrations by Chesley Bonestell. The Mars Von Braun project envisions nearly a thousand three stages of vehicle launch from Earth to ferry parts for Mars missions to be built in space stations in Earth orbit. The mission itself featured a fleet of ten spacecraft with a combined crew of 70 that led to Mars, carrying three winged surface cruises that would land horizontally on the surface of Mars. (The winged landing is considered possible because at the time of its proposal, the Martian atmosphere is believed to be much denser than it later found to be the case.)
In the revised vision of the Mars Project Plan of 1956, published in The Exploration of Mars by Wernher Von Braun and Willy Ley, the size of the mission has been cut, requiring only 400 launches to collect two vessels, still carrying landing vehicles winged. The next version of the mission proposal, featured in Disney's "Man In Space" movie series, shows a nuclear-powered propulsion vehicle for interplanetary shipping.
AS. proposals (1950, 1960, and 1970)
In 1962, Aeronutronic Ford, General Dynamics and Lockheed Missiles and Space Company made a study of Mars mission design as part of the NASA Marshall Spaceflight Center "Project EMPIRE". These studies suggest that Mars missions (possibly including Venus fly-by) can be done with the launch of eight amplifiers and assembly of Saturn V in low Earth orbit, or perhaps with the single hypothetical launch of "Saturn post" lifting vehicle weight. Although EMPIRE's mission is only a study, and was never proposed as a funded project, this is the first detailed analysis of what it takes to reach human travel to Mars using data from the real NASA spaceflight, and laid many foundations for future studies, including studies significant missions by TRW, North America, Philco, Lockheed, Douglas, and General Dynamics, along with several in-house NASA studies.
Following the success of the Apollo Program, von Braun advocated a manned mission to Mars as a focus for NASA manned space program. Von Braun's proposal used the Saturn V amplifier to launch a nuclear stage (NERVA) that would produce two six-crew space craft on a double mission in the early 1980s. The proposal was considered by President Richard Nixon but was passed in favor of the Space Shuttle.
In 1975, von Braun discussed the mission architecture that emerged from this Apollo-era study in the recording of lectures and while doing so suggested that some Shuttle launches could be configured to lift two Nuclear Thermal Rocket engines equipped with spacecrafts in smaller parts, for assembly in orbit.
Soviet_mission_proposals_.281956_through_1969.29 "> Soviet mission proposals (1956 to 1969)
The Martian Piloted Complex or "'MPK'" was a proposal by Mikhail Tikhonravov of the Soviet Union for a manned Martian expedition, using N1 (proposed) rockets, in studies from 1956 to 1962. The Soviets sent many investigations into Mars with several success stories recorded including Martian atmospheric entries, but their ratios are low and their space programs are struggling through disasters such as lost Salyut 1 crews and their N1 rocket explosions (see Mars 3)
Heavy Interplanetary Spacecraft (known by Russian abbreviation TMK ) was the appointment of a Soviet space exploration proposal in 1960 to send manned flights to Mars and Venus (TMK-MAVR design) without landing. The TMK spacecraft will be launched in 1971 and a three-year flight includes a Mars fly-by in which the time probe will be dropped. The project was never completed because the required N1 rocket never flew. The Mars Expeditionary Complex (or MEK) (1969) is another Soviet proposal for a Mars expedition that will take the crew from three to six to Mars and return with a total mission of 630 days.
Case for Mars (1981-1996)
Following the Viking mission to Mars, between 1981 and 1996 a series of conferences called The Case for Mars was held at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The conference advocated the exploration of Mars man, presented the concept and technology, and held a series of workshops to develop the basic concept for mission. It proposes the use of in-situ resource use to produce rocket propellants for return trips. Mission studies are published in a series of volume proceedings. Then the conference presented an alternative concept, including the concept of "Mars Direct" from Robert Zubrin and David Baker; the proposal "Footsteps to Mars" Geoffrey A. Landis, who proposed intermediary steps before landing on Mars, including human missions to Phobos; and the proposals of "Great Exploration" from Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, among others. NASA Space Exploration Initiative (1989)
<Due to longer distances, Mars missions will be far more risky and expensive than last month's flights. Inventories and fuels should be prepared for a 2-3 year journey and the spacecraft will need at least part of the shield from ionizing radiation. A 1990 paper by Robert Zubrin and David A. Baker, then Martin Marietta, proposes reducing mission missions (and hence costs) by utilizing in situ resources to produce propellants from the Martian Atmosphere. This proposal uses a concept developed by the previous "Case for Mars" conference series. Over the next decade, Zubrin developed it into a mission concept, Mars Direct, presented in a book, The Case for Mars (1996). The mission is supported by the Mars Society, founded by Zubrin in 1998, practically and affordably.
International Space University (1991)
In 1991 in Toulouse, France, the International Space University studied the international human Mars mission. They proposed a crew of 8 traveling to Mars on a nuclear-powered ship with an artificial gravity provided by rotation. On the surface, 40 ton of pressurized habitats up to 10 psi (69 kPa) are supported by 40 kW photovoltaic arrays.
NASA Design reference reference (1990s)In the 1990s NASA developed several Mars exploration architectural architectures of conceptual levels. One of them is the NASA Design 3.0 reference mission (DRM 3.0) to stimulate further thinking and concept development.
Studi AS/NASA lain yang dipilih (1988-2009):
- 1988 "Mars Expedition"
- 1989 "Evolusi Mars"
- 1990 "Studi 90-Hari"
- 1991 "Sintesis Grup"
- 1995 "DRM 1"
- 1997 "DRM 3"
- 1998 "DRM 4"
- 1999 "Lander Ganda"
abad 21
References to Desain NASA (2000)
NASA's Mars Reference Design Mission comprises a series of conceptual design studies for the human Mars mission, continued in the 21st century Other US/NASA plan options (1988-2009):
MARPOST (2000-2005)
The Mars Piloted Orbital Station (or MARPOST) is Russia's proposed orbital mission to Mars, using a nuclear reactor to run an electric rocket engine. Proposed in October 2000 by Yuri Karash of the Russian Cosmonautics Academy as a next step for Russia in space along with Russian participation in the International Space Station, a 30-volume draft project for MARPOST was confirmed in 2005. The design for the vessel is proposed to be ready by 2012, and the ship itself in 2021.
ESA Aurora (2001) ESA/Russian plan (2002)
Another proposal for ESA's mission along with Russia is based on two spacecraft sent to Mars, one carrying a crew of six and the other being an expeditionary. The mission will take around 440 days to complete with three astronauts who visit the surface of the planet for a period of two months. The entire project will cost $ 20 billion and Russia will contribute 30% of this fund.
Mars Society of Germany - Mission Mars Europe (EMM) (2005)
The Mars Society of Germany proposed a manned Mars mission using multiple launches of heavy lifting version of Ariane 5. Around 5 launches would be required to send a crew of 5 on a 1200 day mission, with a charge of 120,000 kg (260,000 pounds). The total project is estimated to cost 10 to 15 billion Euros.
China China National Space Administration (CNSA) (2006)
Sun Laiyan, administrator of the China National Space Administration, said on July 20, 2006 that China will begin space exploration focusing on Mars over the next five years, during the Eleventh Five-Year Program (2006-2010) Program period. The first uncrewed Mars exploration program can take place between 2014-2033, followed by a manned phase in 2040-2060 where crew members will land on Mars and return home. The Mars 500 study in 2011 prepared for this manned mission.
The_One-Way_Trip_Option_.282006.29.3B_Mars_to_Stay_.282006.29 "> The One-Way Option Trip (2006 ); Mars Fixed (2006)
The idea of ​​a one-way trip to Mars has been proposed several times. Space activist Bruce Mackenzie, for example, proposed a one-way trip to Mars in the presentation of "One Way to Mars - Permanent Resolution at First Mission" at the International Space Development Conference 1998, arguing that because missions can be done with less trouble and cost without must return to Earth, the first mission to Mars is a settlement, not a visit. In 2006, former NASA engineer James C. McLane III proposed a scheme to initially colonize Mars through a one-way journey by only one human. Papers discussing this concept appear in The Space Review , Harper's Magazine , SEARCH Magazine and The New York Times .
The former Apollo Buzz Aldrin astronaut is a very vocal promoter who has suggested in various forums "Forget the Moon, Let's Go to Mars!" In June 2013, Aldrin wrote an opinion, published in The New York Times , supporting a manned mission to Mars and who viewed the moon "not as a destination but rather as a departure point..." August 2015, Aldrin, in collaboration with the Florida Institute of Technology, presented a "master plan" for NASA's consideration of proposing astronauts with a "ten-year task tour" colonizing Mars before 2040. NASA_Design_Reference_Mission_5.0_ (2007) "> NASA Design Reference Mission 5.0 (2007) American Mars orbit in mid-2030 (2010)
In a keynote policy speech at the Kennedy Space Center on April 15, 2010, former US President Barack Obama predicted a manned Mars mission to orbit the planet in the mid-2030s, followed by a landing:
In the mid-2030s, I'm sure we can send humans into Mars orbit and return them safely to Earth. And the landing on Mars will follow. And I hope to be around to see it.
The United States Congress has widely approved a new direction for NASA which includes canceling Bush's plans to return to the Moon by 2020 and instead proposing asteroid exploration in 2025 (Asteroid Redirection Mission) and orbiting Mars in the 2030s. The Asteroid Redirection Mission was canceled in June 2017 and "closed" in September of the same year.
Martian Frontier (2007-2011)
Mars 500, the longest running simulation of fidelity, ran from 2007 to 2011 in Russia and is an experiment to assess the feasibility of manned missions to Mars.
Russian Russian mission proposal (2011)
A number of Mars mission concepts and proposals have been put forward by Russian scientists. The dates mentioned are for launch between 2016 and 2020. The Mars probe will carry a crew of four to five cosmonauts, who will spend nearly two years in space.
In late 2011, the Russian and European space agencies successfully completed the ground-based MARS-500. Biomedical experiments that simulate manned flight to Mars were completed in Russia in July 2000.
2-4-2 concept (2011-2012)
In 2011, Jean-Marc Salotti published a new proposal for a manned Mars mission, with release in 2012. The 2-4-2 concept is based on reducing crew size to just 2 astronauts and duplication of entire missions. There are 2 astronauts in every space vehicle, there are 4 on the surface of Mars and there are 2 more in every vehicle back. In addition, at every step of the mission, there are 2 astronauts who are ready to help 2 other people (2 for 2). This architecture simplifies entry procedures, decreases and landings, which are known to be very risky, thanks to a significant reduction of landing vehicle size. It also avoids the assembly of large vehicles in LEO. The author claims that his proposal is much cheaper than NASA's reference mission without compromising risk and can be done before 2030.
Mars One (2012)
In 2012, a group of Dutch businessmen began raising funds for a human Mars base to be established in 2023. The mission is intended to be the ultimate residential mission without a planned return trip to Earth. Applications of astronauts are invited from the public worldwide.
The initial plan includes landers and landers demonstrations by 2018, followed by plows in 2020, and a basic component in 2024. Mars One suggested it could use SpaceX Heavy rockets to launch aviation hardware. The first crew of four astronauts landed on Mars in 2025. Then, every two years, four new crew will arrive. The entire mission will be filmed and broadcast as a media event. Revenue from broadcasting will help fund the program. In April 2015, CEO of Mars One, Bas Lansdorp admitted that their 12-year plan for human landings on Mars in 2027 is largely fictional.
Inspiration Mars Foundation (2013)
In 2013, the Mars Inspiration Foundation founded by Dennis Tito revealed a manned mission plan to fly by Mars in 2018 with support from NASA. NASA refused to fund the mission. Boeing Affordable Mission (2014)
On December 2, 2014, NASA's Advanced Human Explorations Director and Operations Director Jason Crusan and Associate Deputy Administrator for the James Reuthner Program announced temporary support for Boeing's "Affordable Mars Mission Design" including radiation shield, centrifugal artificial gravity, reusable supplies , and return landers. Reuthner suggested that if adequate funding would come, the proposed mission would be expected in the early 2030s. NASA's_Journey_to_Mars: _Pioneering_Next_Steps_in_Space_Exploration_ (2015) "> NASA's Trip to Mars: Pioneering the Next Steps in Space Exploration (2015 )
On October 8, 2015, NASA published its official plan for human exploration and colonization of Mars. The plan operates through three distinct phases that lead to a fully sustainable colonization.
The first stage, already underway, is the "Earth Reliant" phase. This phase continues to use the International Space Station until 2024; validating the deep space technology and studying the effects of long-term space space missions on the human body.
The second stage, "Proving Ground," moves away from Earth's dependence and effort into the cislunar space for much of its work. This is when NASA plans the now-canceled Asteroid Redirect Mission (for 2020), tests residential facilities in space, and validates the capabilities needed for human exploration of Mars.
Finally, the third phase is the transition to independence from Earth's resources. The "Independent Earth" phase includes a long-term mission on the lunar surface with surface habitats requiring only routine maintenance, and harvesting Mars resources for fuel, water, and building materials. NASA is still aiming for human mission to Mars in the 2030s, although Earth's independence could take several decades longer.
In November 2015, Administrator Bolden of NASA reaffirmed the purpose of sending humans to Mars. He placed 2030 as the date of the manned surface landings, and noted that the planned 2020 Mars rover would support human missions. Also discussed the use of robotics to prepare underground habitats for people who arrive. He noted the benefits of living underground on Mars, especially that eliminates the need to build on the ground shield. The underground base will be prepared beforehand by the robot fleet. However, top surface activity is not excluded, it's just that the crew will "probably live underground for the most part".
SpaceX Mars's transport infrastructure (2016-17)
Since 2016, SpaceX announced a thorough vision to start the colonization of Mars, proposing to develop a high-capacity transport infrastructure.
ITS launch vehicle
In September 2016 at the International Astronautical Congress, Elon Musk announced the design of the ITS launch vehicle (informally discussed earlier as Mars Colonial Transporter), consisting of a large reusable booster terminated by a spacecraft or tanker for refueling at orbit, and a propellant plant to be built on Mars, at a base called the Mars Base Alpha. The purpose of the aspiration is to advance technology and infrastructure in such a way that the first humans to Mars could potentially leave as early as 2024.
BFR (Big Falcon Rocket)
On September 29, 2017, Elon Musk announced the updated vehicle design for the Mars mission at the International Astronautical Congress. The replacement vehicle for this mission is called BFR (Big Falcon Rocket). BFR will provide on-orbit activities such as satellite shipments, serving the International Space Station, Moon missions, and Mars missions. There are two phases for human mission to Mars via BFR:
- By 2022, at least 2 BFR cargo vehicles will land on Mars.
- They will confirm water resources and identify hazards.
- They will put power infrastructure, mining, and life support for future missions.
- In 2024, 2 vehicles of BFR crew will take first person to Mars.
- 2 BFR cargo vehicles will carry more equipment and supplies.
- They will put the propellant production plant.
- They will build a base to prepare for expansion.
BFR is currently under construction, with sub-orbital flight testing expected in 2019.
Mars Base Camp (2016)
Mars Base Camp (MBC), an American spacecraft concept that proposes to send astronauts into orbit of Mars as early as 2028. The vehicle concept, developed by Lockheed Martin, will utilize future and legacy technologies and Orion MPCV built by NASA.
Deep Space Transport (2017)
The Deep Space Transport (DST) is a spacecraft intended to launch on top of the NASA SLS launch vehicle in 2027. It was announced by NASA in March 2017. It is to dock with the Deep Space Gateway (DSG) station, which will be in space cis-lunar after its construction, in 2027. The current plan shows it to be sent by crew 4 to Mars in 2033. However, it will not land, but remain in orbit of Mars until there is a launch window to return. This mission is expected to take about 2 years if all the missions in DSG and DST from 2021-2030 succeed. The mission will use the SLS rocket for launch, and the Orion MPCV to transport the crew to and from Earth and DSG and DST.
Current intentions by country and space agency
A number of countries and organizations have long-term intentions to send humans to Mars.
- The United States has a robotic mission currently exploring Mars, with a re-example planned for the future. The Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle (MPCV) is intended to serve as a launch vehicle for the launch/splashdown crew, with the Deep Space Habitat module providing additional living space for a 16-month-long trip. Mars's first manned mission, which will include sending astronauts to Mars, orbiting Mars, and returning to Earth, is scheduled for the 2030s. Technological development for the US government's mission to Mars is ongoing, but there is no well-funded approach to bringing a conceptual project to completion with a human landing on Mars in the mid-2030s, the stated purpose. NASA is under a presidential order to land a man on Mars in 2033, and NASA-funded engineers are studying ways to build potential human habitats there by producing bricks from pressurized Martian soil.
- The European Space Agency has a long-term goal to send humans but has not yet built a manned spacecraft. It has sent robot probes like ExoMars in 2016 and plans to post the next probe by 2020.
- India managed to place an unmanned Mars Orbiter Mission satellite (also called Mangalyaan) in orbit of Mars in 2014. ISRO is planning a larger follow-up mission called Mangalyaan 2 between 2018 and 2020. This mission will likely consist of landers and explorers of Mars. No plans for India's human mission to Mars have been published.
- Japan had sent a robot mission to Mars in 1998, Nozomi, but failed to reach the orbit of Mars. JAXA has proposed a exploration mission called MELOS for precision landing engineering demonstrations, and to search for possible biosignatures on Mars by 2020 or 2022. No plans for the Japanese human mission to Mars have been published.
- China's first mission mission to Mars, the Yinghuo-1 spacecraft, disappeared with Russia's sample return mission to Phobos, Fobos-Grunt in 2011-2012. China plans to develop and launch an orbiter, lander and plow to Mars in July or August 2020 with a heavy lift rocket Long March 5. The crew phase is planned for the 2040-2060 timeframe.
- Russia plans to send humans in the period 2040-2045.
Current intentions by private companies
The US-based launch company SpaceX intends to build a permanent Mars base in the 2020s, using a fully reusable BFR launch system. The current plan is for 2 unmanned BPRs to fly to Mars by 2022, building a rocket propellant plant and other infrastructure for the base. 2 BFR crew, with each 100 crew, and 2 unmanned BFRs will follow in 2024.
The BFR is currently under construction, and is planned to enter sub-orbital flight testing in 2019.
Innovation and technological barriers
Significant technological barriers need to be addressed for human space into Mars.
Going into a thin and shallow Martian atmosphere would cause significant difficulties with reentry and for the spacecraft of the weight required to carry humanity, along with live support, supplies and other equipment. If a heat shield is used, it must be very large. Retro rockets can be used, but will add significantly more weight.
The mission back to Mars needed to land a rocket to carry the crew from the surface. The launch requirement means that this rocket will be significantly smaller than an Earth-to-Earth rocket. The Mars-to-orbit launch can also be achieved in one stage. Nevertheless, rocket climbing landing on Mars will be difficult. Re-entry for a large rocket will be difficult.
In 2014 NASA proposes a Mars Ecopoiesis Bed Test.
- Intravenous fluid
One of the medical supplies that may be needed is intravenous fluids, which are mostly water but contain other things that can be added directly to the human blood stream. If it can be made in place of existing water, it can save weight from the cropping unit, which weighs mostly water. A prototype for this ability was tested at the International Space Station in 2010.
- Respiratory Gas
While it may be possible for humans to inhale pure oxygen, usually additional gases such as nitrogen are included in the respiratory mixture. One possibility is to take in-situ nitrogen and argon from the atmosphere of Mars; However, they are difficult to separate from each other. As a result, Mars habitat can use 40% argon, 40% nitrogen, and 20% oxygen.
An idea to keep carbon dioxide from breathing air is to use reusable carbon dioxide scrubber. While one carbon dioxide scrubber filters air of astronauts, others are released into the Mars atmosphere.
Mission Precursor
Some missions can be regarded as "Mission to Mars" in their own right, or they may be just one step deeper in the program. An example of this is a mission to the moon of Mars, or a cross-flight mission.
Manned flyby
An example of this is the Inspiration Mars, which is comparable to the Planetby Flyby (NASA) mission proposal of the 1970s, but to Mars.
Mission to Deimos or Phobos
Many Mars mission concepts propose a predecessor mission to the moon of Mars, for example, a mission example back to Mars Phobos moon - not enough Mars, but perhaps a convenient stepping stone for the final Mars surface mission. Lockheed Martin, as part of their "Stepping Stones to Mars" project, called the "Red Stone Project", proposes to explore Mars robotically from Deimos.
The use of fuels generated from water resources on Phobos or Deimos has also been proposed.
Example Mars Return mission
The example of unmanned Mars return missions (MSR) missions is sometimes regarded as an important precursor for crew missions to the surface of Mars in the 21st century. ESA called the sample "important" and said it could bridge the gap between robot and human mission to Mars. An example of a Mars sample return mission is a Sampling Collection for Mars Investigation (SCIM). The return of Mars samples is the highest priority Priority Mission proposed to NASA by the Planetary Decadal Survey 2013-2022: The Future of Planetary Science . However, such missions are hampered by complexity and cost, with an ESA proposal involving no fewer than five different unmanned spacecraft.
An example of a return plan raises concerns, however remote, that infectious agents can be brought to Earth. Regardless, a basic set of guidelines for the return of samples outside the globe has been laid out depending on the source of the sample (eg asteroids, moons, Mars surfaces, etc.)
At the beginning of the 21st century, NASA created four potential pathways to Mars's human mission. Of the four, three include examples of Mars returning as a prerequisite for human landing, but one is not.
Crewed orbital mission
Landis and Lupisella propose to explore Mars via telepresence from human astronauts in orbit.
A similar idea, is the proposed "Human Exploration using Real-time Robot Operation" (HERRO) mission.
Another proposed mission is the Russian Orbital Mars Piloted Station.
See also
References
Further reading
-
Michael (November 1988). "Mission to Mars". National Geographic . Vol.Ã, 174 no.Ã, 5. p. 732-764. ISSNÃ, 0027-9358. OCLCÃ, 643483454.
External links
- Human Exploration of Mars: Mission Reference Design Reference Mission 1.0
- Mission Reference Version 3.0, Addition of Mars Exploration Mission Mission Mars Reference 3.0
- Mars Expedition & amp; Flybys & amp; Flybys Selected List of most manned mission projects to Mars
- Longer bibliographies can be found in Portree's bibliography book, available in pdf format from NASA.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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