In the decades since the Holocaust, several national governments, international agencies and world leaders have been criticized for their failure to take appropriate action to save millions of European Jews, Romans, and other victims of the Holocaust. Critics say that such intervention, especially by the Allied government, may have saved many people and could be achieved without a significant diversion of resources from the war effort.
Other researchers have challenged the criticism. Some argue that the idea that the Allies did not act was a myth - that the Allies received as many German Jewish immigrants as the Nazis permitted - and that the Allied theoretical military actions, like the Auschwitz concentration camp bombing, would save the lives of a few. Others say that limited intelligence is available to the Allies - who, as late as October 1944, did not know the location of many Nazi death camps or the purpose of the various buildings in the camps they identified - made accuracy. impossible bombing.
In three cases, the whole country refused to deport their Jewish population during the Holocaust. In other countries, leading individuals or communities create resistance during the Holocaust.
Video International response to the Holocaust
Allied countries response during the Nazi persecution
- See also: Auschwitz bombing debate, The Voyage of the Damned , Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations
While the Polish government in exile succeeded in raising awareness of Jewish genocide among the Allies in December 1942, this did not result in any action on the ground by the Allied nations to stop the slaughter of millions of other Jews and others underway. minority, or to save and absorb refugees. Instead, the Allies focused their efforts exclusively on conducting wholesale military campaigns to defeat the Third Reich.
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In 1939, about 304,000 of the approximately 522,000 German Jews had fled Germany, including 60,000 to the British Mandate Palestine (including more than 50,000 who had taken advantage of the Haavara, or "Transfer" Agreement between the German and Nazi Zionists), but the quota British immigration prevented. many from migration. In March 1938, Hitler annexed Austria and made 200,000 Jews from refugees without the country of Austria. In September, Britain and France gave Hitler the right to occupy Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia, and in March 1939, Hitler occupied the rest of the country, making 200,000 stateless Jews.
In 1939, British policy as stated in the 1939 White Paper restricted Jewish immigration to Palestine (then British mandate) to 75,000 over the next five years, after it became an independent state. Britain has offered homes for children of Jewish immigrants and proposed Kenya as a haven for Jews, but refused to support the Jewish state or facilitate Jewish settlements, violating the terms of the League Mandate of Palestine.
Before, during and after the war, the British government blocked Jewish immigration to the Mandatory Palestine to avoid negative reactions from Palestinian Arabs. In the summer of 1941, however, Chaim Weizmann estimated that with the British ban on Jewish immigration, when the war was over, it would take two decades to get 1.5 million Jews to Palestine from Europe through secret immigration; David Ben-Gurion originally believed 3 million could be brought in ten years. So Palestine has been debated by at least one writer, once the war begins - is unlikely to be a savior of anything other than a small minority of Jews who were killed by the Nazis.
The British government, along with all UN member states, received credible evidence of the Nazi effort to eliminate European Jews as early as 1942 from the Polish Government in exile. Entitled "Jewish Mass Destruction in Germany Occupy Poland", the report provides a detailed explanation of the conditions in the ghetto and their liquidation. In addition, Foreign Minister Anthony Eden met with Jan Karski, a courier into Polish detention who, having been smuggled into the Warsaw ghetto by underground Jews, and posing as an Estonian guard at the Be ecsec camp, gave him a detailed eyewitness account of the atrocities Nazis against the Jews.
This lobbying effort triggered the Joint Declaration by the Members of the United Nations on December 17, 1942 that made public and condemned the mass extermination of Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland. The statement was read to the British House of Commons in a floor address by Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, and published on the front page of the New York Times and many other newspapers. BBC Radio aired two broadcasts on the final solution during the war: the first on 9 Ã, on December 17, 1942, at the Joint United Nations Declaration, read by the Polish Foreign Minister in exile Edward Raczynski, and second during May 1943 , eyewitness Jan Karski on Jewish mass executions, read by Arthur Koestler. However, political rhetoric and public reporting were not followed up by military action by the British Government - an omission that has been a significant source of historical debate. See also: Auschwitz bombing debate
Denmark
Denmark is the only Nazi-occupied country that managed to save 95% of its Jewish population. After receiving information from a German diplomat, thousands of Jews were evacuated to neutral Sweden.
Dutch
The general strike was held on 25 February 1941, against Nazi anti-Jewish actions and activities. On 27 February, most had been bullied by German police. Although ultimately unsuccessful, it was still significant because it was the first direct action against the Nazi treatment of the Jews.
Polish
The Nazis built the majority of their death camps in occupied Poland with a Jewish population of 3.3 million. From 1942, the Polish government in exile provided the Allies with some of the earliest and most accurate records of the ongoing European Jewish Holocaust. Entitled "Jewish Mass Destruction in Germany Occupy Poland", the report provides a detailed explanation of the conditions in the ghetto and their liquidation. Although his representatives, such as Foreign Minister Count Edward Raczy? Ski and courier Poland Underground movement, Jan Karski, called for action to stop him, they did not succeed. In particular, Jan Karski met with British Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden and US President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who gave the earliest witness accounts of the Holocaust. Roosevelt heard it but seemed uninterested, asking about the condition of the Polish horses but not a question about the Jews.
The report that the Polish Foreign Minister in exile, Count Edward Raczynski was sent on December 10, 1942, to all the Governments of the United Nations was the first official denial by any Government of the mass destruction and the Nazi purpose of the total destruction of the Jewish Population. It was also the first official document that put aside the suffering of European Jews as Jews and not just as citizens of their respective origins. The report of 10 December 1942 and the lobbying efforts of the Polish Government triggered the Joint Declaration by the Members of the United Nations on December 17, 1942 that made public and condemned the mass extermination of Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland. The statement was read to the British House of Commons in a floor address by Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden, and published on the front page of the New York Times and many other newspapers. In addition BBC radio broadcasted two broadcasts on the final solution during the war prepared by the Polish government in exile. This rhetoric, however, was not followed up by military action by the Allied countries. During an interview with Hannah Rosen in 1995, Karski said of the failure to save most Jews from mass murder, "The Allies considered it impossible and too costly to save the Jews, because they did not do it.The Jews were abandoned by all governments, hierarchies churches and communities, but thousands of Jews survived because thousands of people in Poland, France, Belgium, Denmark, the Netherlands helped save the Jews. "
Without international intervention, it falls to Polish individuals and local underground organizations to help the Jews escape. This is challenging because the Nazis issued the death penalty for anyone 'hiding a Jew, feeding the Jews or selling food to a Jew,' which made many people afraid to help the Jews who fled and also create fertile ground for the blackmailers. In addition, the Nazis set aside the cancellation by rewarding the reporting of Jews who escaped with additional food rations. Nevertheless, many people are risking their lives to feed and accommodate more than 300,000 survivors in Nazi-occupied Poland. Most effective, is the underground organization? Egota, the Council to Help the Jews, who, although established by Catholics, became a successful Jewish-Catholic operation with about 100 cells. Polish sociologist Tadeusz Piotrowski estimates that some 50,000 Jewish survivors of war in Nazi-occupied Poland were helped by? Egota in various ways - food, supplies, smuggling, shelter, finance, law, medical, childcare, and aid to blackmailers.
Nonetheless, the Nazis destroyed the Polish Jews by 90%, killing 3 million people, half of all Jewish Holocaust deaths. In addition, the Nazis ethnically cleared Poland of another 1.8-2 million, thereby causing the Polish Holocaust to be around 4.8-5 million.
After the Polish wars against Britain and Stalin, allowed Jewish emigration into the British Palestinian Mandate. About 200,000 Jews took advantage of this opportunity, leaving only about 100,000 Jews in Poland.
Norway and Denmark have 10,000 Jewish populations among them. Acting on a Swedish protection offer, Denmark saved almost all Jews, while Norway saved about half. After the liberation of concentration camps, Sweden received thousands of survivors for medical treatment.
Switzerland
Of the five neutral countries of continental Europe, Switzerland has the distinction of being the only one to have announced the German antisemitic law. (Excluding the city-state, the five neutral are Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, and Turkey.) The country closed the French border for refugees during the period of 13 August 1942, and did not allow unlimited access to Jews seeking refuge until July 12 1944. In 1942, the President of the Swiss Confederation, Philipp Etter as a member of the Geneva-based ICRC even persuaded the committee not to issue a proclamation condemning German "attacks" against "certain categories of citizenship".
United States
According to Peter Novick, "Americans, including many American Jews, are largely unaware of what we now call the Holocaust while it is happening: the nation is preoccupied with defeating Axis." Some awareness of Germany's abusive treatment of Jews in Europe, especially Poland, exists; HR Knickerbocker wrote in 1941, "Poland must come in a separate category because there Hitler has decided to annihilate 3,000,000 Jews without control that he seems to wear himself elsewhere... the obvious intent of Germany in Poland is to annihilate the Jews altogether, and the wonder is that there is nothing alive today. "By the end of 1942, the US government had sufficient evidence to conclude that a campaign to wipe out the Jews in Europe was under way. Like other Allies, the United States decided not to bomb the Auschwitz camp outside its commission, even when American heavy bombers launched several nearby attacks. ( See Auschwitz bombing debate. )
The United States also refused to provide temporary protection to Jews who fled from Europe. After the Great Depression, the United States has a very strict immigration quota system, but even limited quota places are not filled. The Department of Foreign Affairs refused to charge 90% of the quota places that may be available to European Jews.
In a 998 press conference, for more than a decade in an office fully serviced in the Nazi era, President Roosevelt never conveyed a "call to the Germans" about Reich's treatment of the Jews he thought he would do. Is a Treasury official Josiah DuBois wrote "Report to the Secretary on Government Approval in the Murder of the Jews" who documented the State Department's efforts to thwart Jewish immigration from Europe. It was a DuBois report that gave Morgenthau Finance Minister with the ammunition he needed to force Roosevelt to create the War Refugee Council.
Before, during and after World War II, The New York Times maintained a general policy to minimize reporting on the Holocaust. To this end, he placed such reportage deep within his daily edition, while obscuring in the stories was a special impact of Nazi crimes on Jews in particular. But the New York Times published the Joint Declaration by Members of the United Nations on December 17, 1942 on the front page of a joint declaration by eleven Allied states openly condemning the mass extermination of Jews in Nazi-occupied Poland.
Ickes Plan for Alaska
In November 1938, two weeks after Kristallnacht , US Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes proposed the use of Alaska as "a haven for Jewish refugees from Germany and elsewhere in Europe where Jews were targeted. " for oppressive restrictions. "Resettlement in Alaska will allow refugees to pass the normal immigration quota, as Alaska is a region and not a country.Ickes has traveled around Alaska and met with local officials to discuss local economic improvements and strengthen security in areas considered vulnerable to Japanese attack Ickes thinks European Jews might be the solution.
In his proposal, Ickes points out that 200 families of dust mounds had settled in the Alaska Matanuska Valley. The plan was introduced as a bill by Senator William King (Utah) and Representative Franck Havenner (California), both Democrats. Alaska's proposal won the support of the theologian Paul Tillich, Federal Church Council and the American Friends Service Committee.
But the plan received little support from American Jews, with the exception of the Zionist Labor of America. Most Jews agree with Rabbi Stephen Wise, president of the American Jewish Congress, that the adoption of Alaska's proposal would give "a false and painful impression... that Jews take over part of the country for settlements." The plan was a severe blow when Roosevelt told Ickes that he insisted on limiting the number of refugees to 10,000 a year for five years, and with further restrictions that Jews do not make up more than 10% of the refugees. Roosevelt never mentioned Alaska's proposal in public, and without his support the plan was dead.
Maps International response to the Holocaust
Jewish issues at international conferences
ÃÆ' â € ° vian Conference
The ÃÆ' â € ° vian conference was held on the initiative of Franklin D. Roosevelt in July 1938 to discuss the issue of Jewish refugees. For ten days, from July 6 to July 15, delegates from thirty-two countries met in ÃÆ'â € vian-les-Bains, France. However, most western countries are reluctant to accept Jewish refugees, and the question is not solved. The Dominican Republic is the only country willing to accept Jewish refugees - up to 100,000. Bermuda Conference Bermuda
Britain and the United States met in Bermuda in April 1943 to discuss the issue of Jewish refugees who had been liberated by Allied forces and Jews living in Nazi-occupied Europe. The Bermuda Conference caused no change in policy; The Americans will not change their immigration quotas to accept the refugees, and Britain will not change its immigration policy to allow them to enter Palestine.
The failure of the Bermuda Conference prompted US Treasury Secretary Henry Morgenthau, the only Jewish member of the Franklin D. Roosevelt cabinet, to publish a white paper entitled Report to the Secretary on the Government Agreement on the Murder of the Jews. This led to the creation of a new agency, the War Refugee Council.
International Committee of the Red Cross
The International Committee of the Red Cross did relatively little to save the Jews during the Holocaust and discounted the reports of organized Nazi genocide, such as the killing of Polish Jewish prisoners who took place in Lublin. At that time, the Red Cross justified its slowness by suggesting that helping Jewish inmates would jeopardize its ability to assist other Allied forces. In addition, the Red Cross claims that if it will take a major stance to improve the situation of European Jews, Swiss neutrality, in which the International Red Cross is based, will be threatened. Today, the Red Cross recognizes its passivity during the Holocaust and has apologized for this.
Japanese response during the Holocaust
In 1936, the German-Japanese Pact was closed between Nazi Germany and Japan. However, on December 6, 1938, the Japanese government made a decision to ban the expulsion of Jews in Japan, Manchukuo, and the rest of Japan occupied by Japan. On December 31, Foreign Minister Yosuke Matsuoka told the Japanese Army and Navy to accept Jewish refugees from Nazi Germany. Diplomat Chiune Sugihara granted more than 2,000 transit visas and rescued 6,000 Jewish refugees from Lithuania.
Manchukuo
General Hideki Tojo and Kiichiro Higuchi observed Japan's national policy as the headquarters of the Kwantung Army against the German opposition.
Vatican
The papacy of Pius XII coincided with the Second World War and the Nazi Holocaust, which saw the mass murder of millions of Jews and others by Adolf Hitler in Germany. Pius worked diplomacy to help the Nazi victims during the war and, through directing the Church to provide secret aid to the Jews, saved thousands of lives. Pius maintained relations with the German Resistance, and shared intelligence with the Allies. His most powerful public disappointment of the genocide, however, was deemed inadequate by Allied Powers, while the Nazis regarded him as an Allied sympathizer who had defiled his policy of Vatican neutrality. In Rome, action was taken to save many Jews in Italy from deportation, including protecting several hundred Jews in the catacombs of St. Peter's Basilica. In his speech of 1941 and 1942, the pope imposed the subject but did not name the Nazis. The Pope encouraged bishops to speak out against the Nazi regime and open religious homes in their dioceses to hide the Jews. By Christmas 1942, once evidence of industrial slaughter against the Jews had arisen, he voiced concern over the killing of "hundreds of thousands" of "flawless" people for their "national or race". Pius intervened to try to block the deportation of Nazi Jews in various countries from 1942-1944.
When 60,000 German soldiers and the Gestapo occupied Rome in 1943, thousands of Jews were hiding in churches, monasteries, households, the Vatican, and the papal summer residence. According to Joseph Lichten, the Vatican was summoned by the Jewish Community Council in Rome to help fill the Nazi demand for a hundred pounds of gold. The council has been able to collect seventy pounds, but unless the sum produced in thirty-six hours has been informed to three hundred Jews will be imprisoned. The pope granted the request, according to Chief Rabbi Zolli from Rome. Although a payment of ransom of 2,091 Jews was deported on October 16, 1943, and most of them died in Germany.
After his death in 1958, Pius was praised firmly by the Israeli Foreign Minister and other world leaders. However his insistence on the neutrality of the Vatican and the evasion of Nazi naming as conflict criminals became the basis for contemporary criticism and then from several parties. The study of the Vatican archives and international diplomatic correspondence continues.
Response after the Holocaust
Nuremberg Exam
The international response to war crimes of World War II and the Holocaust was to establish an international Nuremberg tribunal. Three major wartime powers, the US, the Soviet Union and Great Britain, agreed to punish those responsible. Courts bring human rights into the global political domain, redefine morality at the global level, and provide a political currency on the concept of crimes against humanity, in which individuals and non-governmental groups are responsible for war crimes.
Genocide
Towards the end of World War II, Raphael Lemkin, a Polish-Jewish Polish lawyer, aggressively pursued inside the UN corridors and the US government recognized the genocide as a crime. In large part due to his efforts and support from the lobby, the United Nations is encouraged to act. In response to Lemkin's argument, the United Nations adopted the term in 1948 when it passed the "Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide".
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
Many believe that the extermination of Jews during the Holocaust inspired the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1948. This view has been opposed by recent historical knowledge. One study has shown that the Nazi massacre of Jews is wholly unnamed during the compilation of the Universal Declaration at the United Nations, even though those involved in the negotiations did not hesitate to mention many other examples of Nazi human rights violations. Other historians have denied that the human rights activist of the delegation Renà © Cassin of France, who received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1968 for his work on the Universal Declaration, was motivated in part by the deaths of many Jewish families in the Holocaust and involvement in Jewish organizations that provided assistance to victims of the Holocaust.
See also
- Kindertransport
- Debate over Auschwitz bombing
- Responsibility for the Holocaust
- Riegner Telegram
- Right Among the Nations
- The role of the international community in the Rwandan Genocide
- Secondary antisemitism
- Szmul Zygielbojm
- World War II
References
- Notes
- References
External links
Rabi Eliezer Melamed, The Great Democracies 'Disgrace pada Arutz Sheva.
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