Land Rover is a car brand specializing in four-wheel-drive vehicles, owned by the British multinational car manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover, which has been owned by Tata Motors India since 2008. Land Rover is considered an English icon , and was given a King's Letter by King George VI in 1951.
The Land Rover name was originally used by the Rover Company for Land Rover Series, launched in 1948. It was developed into a brand that includes various four-wheel-drive models, including Defender, Discovery, Freelander, Range Rover, Range Rover Sports, and Range Rover Evoque.
Land Rovers are currently assembled in the UK, India, China, and other markets.
Video Land Rover
History
The design for the original vehicle started in 1947 by Maurice Wilks. It's just called Land Rover (the terms "Series" and "Defender" are receding and only introduced in the 1990s). Wilks, chief designer at Rover Company, in his Newborough field, Anglesey, is working with his brother Spencer who is Rover's managing director. The design may have been influenced by the Jeep and the prototype, later dubbed the Steer Center, built on a Jeep chassis and axle. The initial color selection is dictated by the surplus supply of military cockpit aircraft paint, so the initial vehicle only comes in a variety of light green shades; all models to date have a sturdy ladder box frame chassis. Early vehicles such as Series I were tested in the field at Long Bennington and designed to be served in the field.
Land Rover as a company has existed since 1978. Prior to this, it was the Rover Company product line that was later absorbed into the Rover-Triumph division of British Leyland Motor Corporation (BL) after the takeover of Leyland Motor Corporation Rover in 1967. Ongoing commercial success of the original Land Rover series model, and the last Range Rover in the 1970s amid well-documented business issues BL led to the establishment of a separate Land Rover company but still under the BL umbrella, the remaining part of the next Rover Group in 1988 , under British Aerospace ownership after the remains of British Leyland were broken up and privatized.
In 1994 Rover Group PLC, including Land Rover, was acquired by BMW. In 2000, the Rover Group was split by BMW and Land Rover was sold to Ford Motor Company, becoming part of the Premier Automotive Group.
Ford Era
In 2006 Ford also purchased the Rover brand from BMW for around £ 6 million. BMW retained brand ownership to protect the integrity of the Land Rover brand, with the 'Rover' probably confusing in the US 4x4 market and allowing it to be used under license by MG Rover until collapsing in 2005, at which point it was offered to Ford Motor Company, it has a Land Rover. On June 11, 2007, Ford announced that it plans to sell Land Rover along with Jaguar Cars. Private equity firms such as Britain's Alchemy Partners, TPG Capital, Ripplewood Holdings, Cerberus Capital Management and One Equity Partners from the US, Tata Motors of India and a consortium comprising Mahindra and Mahindra of India and Apollo Management all initially expressed interest in buying marques from Ford Motor Company. On January 1, 2008, Ford officially declared that Tata was the preferred bidder. In 2008, On March 26, 2008, Ford announced that it had agreed to sell Jaguar and Land Rover operations to Tata Motors India, and that they were expected to complete sales by the end of the second quarter of 2008.
Era Tata Motors
On January 18, 2008, Tata Motors, a part of Tata Group, established Jaguar Land Rover Limited as a registered UK subsidiary and wholly owned subsidiary. The new company will be used as a holding company to acquire two businesses from Ford - Jaguar Cars Limited and Land Rover. The acquisition was completed on June 2, 2008 at a cost of Ã, Â £ 1.7 billion. Included in the deal to buy Land Rover and Jaguar Cars are the rights to three other British brands: the Daimler marque, as well as two active brands of Lanchester and Rover.
Land Rover was manufactured mainly in the Solihull plant, near Birmingham, but Freelander's production was transferred to Halewood Body & amp; An assembly plant near Liverpool, a former Ford factory. Freelander is also assembled in the form of knock-down kit (CKD) at the Land Rover facility in Pune, India. In 2015, the company continues to expand by building locally in India as well as increasing the number of models made at the Chikhali JLR facility near Pune to include Discovery Sport and Evoque.
Defender models are assembled under license at several locations around the world, including Spain (Santana Motors), Iran (Pazhan Morattab), Brazil (Karmann), and Turkey (Otokar).
In May 2010, Tata Motors announced that it plans to build the Land Rover and Jaguar models in Mainland China (PRC) as the company seeks to cut costs and expand sales.
Maps Land Rover
Global sales
Model
Historic
- Series I, II, IIA and III - original 4ÃÆ' â € "4
- The original Range Rover Range Rover, produced from 1970 to 1996
- Defender - Great off-road 4ÃÆ' â € "4
- Freelander 2 (sold in some markets as LR2) - Small off-road 4ÃÆ' â € "4
Current
Drafts
Range Stormer - Land Rover's first concept vehicle, launched at the North American International Auto Show 2004, later became the Range Rover Sport. (Gritzinger, 2004).
Land Rover LRX - the second Land Rover concept vehicle, was first launched at the 2008 Detroit Auto Show. Originally a vehicle with ERAD technology, the production version does not include this. The car was later launched in 2011 as the Range Rover Evoque, and is the first Range Rover branded product to be offered with front-wheel drive, and no low-ratio transfer box.
Land Rover DC100 - Land Rover's third concept vehicle, was first introduced at the Frankfurt Auto Show 2011, designed to be a substitute for the Land Rover Defender, although it is unlikely that the Defender's replacement will be exactly the same as the DC100 concept.
Land Rover Discovery Vision Concept - The fourth Land Rover concept vehicle, first introduced in 2014, is designed to be a substitute for Land Rover Discovery, The concept features the Transparent Bonnet, Suicide door, and Laser assisted light (there is a very small chance it will included in any future production vehicles).
Military
Models developed for the UK Ministry of Defense (MoT) include:
- 101 Advanced Controls - also known as "Land Rover One Tonne FC"
- 1/2 ton Light - short-range military that can be transported from Series 2a
- Land Rover Wolf - an uprated Military Defender
- Seize Land Rover - Land Rover with composite armored body in the British Armed Forces
- 109 Series IIa and III Ambulances (bodies by Marshalls of Cambridge)
- Range Rover '6x6' Fire Device (conversion by Carmichael and Sons of Worcester) for RAF airfield use
- 130 Defender ambulance
- 'Llama' prototype for replacement 101.
Model developed for the Australian Army
- Land Rover Perentie 4X4 and 6X6
Machine
During the history of Land Rover many different machines have been installed:
- The inlet-over-exhaust ("semi-side-valve") petrol engine, both in four and six-cylinder variants, was used for the first Land Rovers in 1948, and who had their origins in the Rover before the war. The first model shift is 1,600 cc.
- The four-cylinder overhead-valve engine, both gasoline and diesel, first appeared (in diesel form) in 1957, towards the end of the Series One production, and evolved over the years to 300 TDi turbodiesel, which remained in production day this is for some overseas market.
- Buick-sourced all aluminum engine Rover V8.
- 1,997 cc Petrol, inlet-over-exhaust: Series I engine, carried over during the first few months of production of Series II.
- 2.052 cc Diesel, overhead-valve: Land Rover's first diesel engine, and one of the first high-speed diesel engines produced in the UK. It appeared in 1957, and was used in the production of the Series II until 1961. It looks almost identical to the 2,286cc engine later, but there are many internal differences. This produces 51 bph (38 kW).
- 2,286 cc Gasoline, overhead-valve, crank three bearings:
- 2,286 cc Diesel, overhead-valve, three-bearing crank: Appears in 1961 in addition to a redesigned 2,268 cc petrol engine at the start of the IIA Series production, and shares cylinder blocks and other components. This produces 62 bhp (46 kW).
- 2,625 cc Petrol, inlet-over-exhaust: Borrowed from Rover's reach, in response to requests from Land Rover users mid-1960s for more power and torque.
- 2,286 cc petrol/diesel, overhead-valve type 11J: crank five pads: In 1980, Land Rover finally did something about crank failure that hit its four-cylinder engine for 22 years. This machine lasts until the end of Serie III production and becomes the first few years of the new Ninety and One Ten range.
- 3.258 cc V8 Gasoline: Buick all-Buick alloy engine appeared in Range Rover from the start of production in 1970, but did not enter into utility vehicles until 1979.
- 2,495 cc petrol, overhead valve: Recent development of Land Rover 'four' gasoline ohv, with hardened valve seat allowing unleaded run (or LPG).
- 2,495 cc diesel, overhead valve, 12J type: Land Rover reprocessed the 'two and a quarter' diesel for the 1980s. The injection pump is driven from the toothed belt on the front of the engine (along with the camshaft), a change compared to the older diesel engines.
- 2,495 cc turbodiesel, overhead valve, type 19J
- 2,495 cc turbodiesel, overhead valve, 200TDi and 300TDi: Used in Defender and Discovery from 1990. Cylinder block is similar to the previous machine, although it is reinforced but its all-new cylinder head and direct injection fuel system is used.
- 2,495 cc turbodiesel, five cylinder, TD5: New engine for second generation Discovery, and Defender featuring electronic control of fuel injection system, 'drive by wire' throttle, and other improvements
- The original Freelander model is available with a range of K-series Rover engines.
- In early 2015 they started using the new Ingenium machine family, to replace Ford's sourced engines.
As of August 2012, most of the Land Rover in production is powered by Ford engines. Under the terms of the acquisition, Tata has the right to purchase engines from Ford until 2019.
Electric vehicles
Integrated Electric Axle Drive (ERAD) technology, a dubbed e-terrain technology, will allow the vehicle to move without turning on the engine and supplying extra power in difficult terrain. Land Rover's Diesel ERAD Hybrid was developed as part of a multi-million pound project supported by the UK Government's Energy Saving Trust, under a low carbon research and development program. The ERAD program is one of Land Rover's sustainability-focused engineering programs, united by the company under the collective name "e TERRAIN Technologies".
Land Rover was presented at the new 2008 London Motor Show ERAD hybrid-electric hybrid in a pair of Freelander 2 (LR2) prototypes. The new hybrid system is being designed as a scalable and modular system that can be applied in various Land Rover models and powertrains.
Land Rover launched the LRX hybrid concept at the North American International Auto Show 2008 in Detroit, to be produced. An ERAD will allow the car to run with electric power at speeds below 20 mph (32 km/h).
In September 2011, the Range Rover Evoque was launched, though it was based on the LRX hybrid concept presented at the 2008 American American International American Auto Show, it did not include the ERAD system, included in the original concept.
In February 2013, Land Rover was introduced at the 83rd Geneva Motor Show Electric Defender Show All-Terrain that produces zero emissions. The electric vehicle was developed for research purposes after successful trials of Defense-based electric vehicle Leopard 1. The vehicle is capable of producing 70kW and 330Nm of torque and has a range of 80 kilometers or in low-speed off-road use it can last up to eight hours before recharging.
Ability
Power take-off (PTO) is an integral part of the Land Rover concept from 1948, enabling agricultural machinery and many other items to run with stationary vehicles. Initial instructions written by Maurice Wilks are "... to have take-off power everywhere!" The 1949 report by the British National Agricultural Engineering Institute and the Scottish Engine Testing Station contains this description: "power take-off is driven through the propeller shaft of Hardy Spicer from the main girboks output and two interchangeable pins which provide two ratios. to the rear chassis and an 8 x 8 inch (200 mm) belt pulley pushed from the PTO shaft via two bevel gears can be welded to the PTO gearbox case. "PTO remains a regular option in Series I, II and III Land Rover until the collapse of the Series Land Rover in 1985. An agricultural PTO on Defender is possible as a special order.
Land Rovers (Series models/defenders) are available in a variety of body styles, from simple pickup trucks flanked by canvas to fully trimmed station carts twelve seats. Both Land Rover and out-house contractors have offered converts and adaptations to basic vehicles, such as fire extinguishers, excavators, cherry picker 'hydraulic platforms, ambulances, snowplough and six-wheel-drive versions, as well as a variety of specialty buildings including Land Amphibious rovers and vehicles are equipped with tracks instead of wheels.
Military use
Various models of Land Rover have been used in military capacity, especially by the British Army and the Australian Army. Modifications may include military "blackout" lights, heavy duty suspension, elevated brakes, 24 volt electricity, convoy lights, electronic suppression from ignition systems, power outage curtains and mounts for special equipment and small arms. Special military models have been produced such as 101 Forward Control and Air-portable 1/2 ton Light. Military use includes lightweight utility vehicles; communication platform; weapons platform for recoilless rifles, Anti-tanks (eg TOW or M40 recoilless rifles)/Weapons guided from surface to air or machine guns; ambulance and workshop. Discovery has also been used in small quantities, mostly as a connecting vehicle.
Two models that have been designed for military use from the ground up are 101 Forward Control from the early 1970s and Lightheaded or Airportable from the late 1960s. The latter is intended to be transported by helicopter. The Royal Air Force Rescue Service Team (RAFMRS) was an early adopter in the late 1950s and early 1960s, and their convoy Land Rover and larger military trucks were a sight that is often seen in the mountains of England. Initially RAFMRS Land Rover has a blue body and a bright yellow top, to look better from above. In 1981, the color scheme was changed to green with yellow stripes. Recently, the vehicle has been painted white, and is issued with equipment similar to British Mountain Rescue teams.
Land Rover's adaptation for military purposes is the "Pink Panther" model. About 100 Series IIA models are adapted to the use of reconnaissance by the special operations of British SAS troops. For desert use they are often painted pink, hence the name. The vehicles are equipped with other equipment such as solar compasses, machine guns, larger fuel tanks and smoke releases. A similar adaptation was then made for Series III and 90/110/Defenders.
The Australian Army adapted the Land Rover Series 2 into the Remote Patrol Vehicle for use by the Special Air Services Regiment and as an anti-tank "rifle" equipped with a M40 absorption rifle.
The US Army's 75th Ranger Regiment also adapted twelve versions of Land Rover officially designated as the Ranger Special Operations Vehicle.
The Series and Defender models have also been armored. The most widespread of these are Shorts Shorland, built by Shorts Brothers of Belfast. The first was sent in 1965 to the Royal Ulster Constabulary, the Northern Ireland police force. They were originally a 109-inch (2,800 mm) wheelbase model with armored body and turret from Ferret armored cars. In 1990, there were over 1,000 produced. In the 1970s, a more conventional armored Land Rover was built for the Royal Ulster Constabulary in Wales called Hotspur. Land Rover Tangi was built by the Ulster Constabulary Kingdom vehicle engineering team alone during the 1990s. The British Army has used various armored Land Rovers, first in Northern Ireland but also in newer campaigns. They first add a protective panel to the Vehicle Protection Kit (VPK) vehicle. Then they get Glover Webb APV and finally Courtaulds (later NP Aerospace) Composite Armored Vehicle, commonly known as Snatch. It was originally based on a heavy duty 110 V8 chassis but some have recently been reassembled on a new chassis from Otokar from Turkey and equipped with diesel and AC engines for Iraq. Though these now have more in common with the many Land Rovers 'Wolf' (Defender XD) that confuse them with, Snatch and Wolf are different vehicles.
The most radical conversion of Land Rover for military purposes is a half-track Centaur. It is based on the Series III with a V8 engine and a shortened belt drive from the Alvis Scorpion light tank. Small numbers are produced, and they are used by Ghana, among others.
Land Rover is used by military forces around the world. The latest generation Land Rover used by the British Army, Snatch 2, has improved and strengthened the chassis and suspension compared to civilian specification vehicles. There is also Land Rover WMIK (weapon mounting equipment) used by British soldiers. WMIK consists of a driver, a raised rifle, usually a Browning heavy machine gun or a grenade machine gun, is used for ground support, and GPMG (gun machine gun) located next to the driver, is used for vehicle protection.
Competitive use
The highly modified Land Rover has competed in the Dakar Rally and won the Macmillan 4x4 UK Challenge almost every year, and has become the vehicle used for the Camel Cup. Now, Land Rover has its own G4 challenge.
Training drivers
The Land Rover Experience was established in 1990, and consists of a worldwide network of centers, set up to help customers get the most out of their in and off-the-shelf capabilities. The flagship centers are Land Rover bases in Solihull, Eastnor, Gaydon and Halewood. Courses offered include off road driving, winching and trailer handling, along with various 'Adventure' companies and individuals. The factory center at Solihull and Halewood has a manufacturing tour, while Gaydon has an engineering tour.
Security
Street-by-model road accident statistics from the UK Department of Transport show that the Land Rover Defender is one of the safest cars on UK roads as measured by the probability of death in a two-car crash accident. The figures, based on data collected by police forces after the accident between 2000 and 2004 in the United Kingdom, show that Defenders' drivers have a 1% chance of being killed or seriously injured and 33% likely to retain the type of injury. Other four-wheel-drive vehicles get the same high value, and collectively these vehicles are much safer for their passengers than they are in other classes such as passenger cars and MPVs. These figures reflect the fact that large mass vehicle drivers tend to be safer, often at the expense of other drivers if they collide with smaller cars.
Club
The original Land Rover Owners Club was founded by Rover Company in 1954. The company published Land Rover Owners Club Review magazine for members from 1957 to 1968 when the club became the Rover Owners Association. This original association fell when the company merged with Leyland UK.
There are many Land Rover clubs across the UK and internationally. The Land Rover club is divided into several groups with various interests.
Single Marque Club - Collect model owners or series of vehicles such as Land Rover Series One Club, or Discovery Owners Club. The single marque club has global membership.
Special Vehicle Clubs - On various occasions Land Rover has been producing vehicles for specific events or on a particular theme, the most famous are Camel Trophy and G4 Challenge tractors that have been sold to the general public, and various defenders are loosely based on special vehicles that produced for the Tomb Raider film.
Regional Clubs in the UK are divided into two groups, competitive and uncompetitive. Non-competitive club activities are generally associated with social activities, off-street driving or green laning on public roads that do not surface or pay and play days in off-road centers. Competitive clubs are a phenomenon almost exclusively found in the UK, which as well as non-competitive activities detailed above run competitive events such as Tyro, Road Taxed Vehicle (RTV) and Cross Country Vehicle (CCV) trials, winches, and challenges of recovery or acceleration of activities such as Competitive Insurance. All UK competitive events are run within the regulatory framework established by the Motor Sport Association (MSA) with further specific vehicle rules applied by the host club or association. Outside the UK regional clubs are independent and largely non-competitive.
A number of clubs are affiliated with the Land Rover Club Association (ALRC), formerly known as the Association of Rover Clubs (ARC) association which implements own vehicle regulations for all its member clubs that have the opportunity to compete together at the regional level. annual events and national events with vehicles approved for the same standards. In recent years some non-competitive clubs have dropped their fifth ALRC affiliates. Several clubs outside the UK are affiliated with ALRC. In addition to the ALRC and the North American Rover Clubs Association (ANARC), established in 1998 to celebrate Land Rover's 50th anniversary and was dissolved in 2001, other Land Rover club groups have affiliated with each other.
Land Rover owners are also early users of virtual clubs that are entirely online based. Bill Caloccia created the original Land Rover Landlover email list (LRO) as the sole marque branch of the UK Car mail list in May 1990. Bill then created an email list in the mid-1990s for Range Rovers (RRO) and various regions (eg, UK- LRO , AU-LRO, ZA-LRO, EU-LRO, IT-LRO, NL-LRO). In California members of the LRO list made mendo_recce in 1995.
In 2005, under Ford's ownership, Land Rover became more interested in the club environment. An internal club was formed, The Land Rover Club, exclusively for Ford Premier Automotive Group employees (Now exclusive to new 'Jaguar - Land Rover' group since the brand moved from Ford stable). Also, an agreement was made to allow other clubs to use the Land Rover Green oval logo under license. In 2006, Bedfordshire, Hertfordshire and the Cambridgeshire club were the pilot licensors for the new agreement, which now benefited from a reciprocal arrangement in which their own logo was a trade marked and owned by Land Rover and they could call themselves' Land Rover Approved Club '.
Brand extensions
Bicycle
In 1995, Land Rover supported the production of handmade bicycles using its logo. The bike, called Land Rover APB and produced by Pashley Cycles from Stratford-upon-Avon, is a foldable version of the Pashley Cycles' Moulton APB (All Purpose Bicycle) model, with front-link lead suspension and adjustable strokes and strokes. Two other models soon followed: Land Rover XCB V-20, aimed primarily at young riders (children); and the Land Rover XCB D-26, also available as an M26 with hydraulic brakes, front suspension, and suspension seat pillars.
In June 2004, Land Rover released 25 comprehensive bike models. The three main ranges are "Defender", "Discovery", and "Freelander", each with different attributes. The "Discovery" is a well-suited bike for a variety of terrain, "Defenders" best suited for steep terrain and off-road pursuits, while "Freelander" is designed for urban lifestyles. All bikes are made of lightweight aluminum.
In 2010 the range was relaunched along with 2x2 English manufacturers.
Coffee
Land Rover has a coffee-related name since 2005, when Land Rover Coffee was founded.
Push Seat
Land Rover gave British railway company Pegasus a license to produce ATP Rover's ground row seats. The design reflects the marque's heritage, with light metal frames with canvas seats, held together with push buttons and tough simple parts such as brakes and hinges. They can collapse completely flat, with the wheel removed in seconds. The base frame can be adapted with a module to allow the baby to lie flat or a glass window bubble to cover the child completely. Frames also come in long or short-handled versions, and can be fixed with home appliances. The design is simple, lightweight, and rugged and can travel across all terrain (hence the ATP for all-terrain thrust seats). It comes in three military-looking colors: light blue, dull colors, and olive. Production was discontinued in 2002.
See also
- Ralf Speth
References
External links
Media related to Land Rover on Wikimedia Commons
- Land Rover in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
- List of current US and Canadian Land Rover Clubs
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments