Humanzee

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The humanzee ( Homo sapiens sapiens ÃÆ'â € " Pan ) is a hypothetical/hypothetical hypothetical hybrid. Unsuccessful attempts to breed such hybrids were made by Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov in the 1920s.

The word portmanteau humanzee for the chimpanzee-human hybrid appears to be in use in the 1980s.

Video Humanzee

Feasibility

The possibility of human-ape hybrids has been entertained since at least the medieval period; Peter Damian (11th century) claimed to have demonstrated the extraordinary offspring of a woman who had married an ape. Linnaeus (1758) used Homo troglodytes as a taxonomic name for human hybrids and hypothetical orangutans.

Chimps and humans are closely related (sharing 95% of their DNA sequence and 99% of the coding DNA sequence), leading to the contested speculation that hybrids are possible.

Humans have one pair of fewer chromosomes than other apes, with ape 2 and 4 chromosomes fused in the human genome into large chromosomes (which contain centromere and telomere remains from ancestors 2 and 4). Having different chromosome numbers is not an absolute barrier for hybridization; a similar mismatch is relatively common in existing species, a phenomenon known as chromosomal polymorphism.

All great apes have similar genetic structures. Chromosomes 6, 13, 19, 21, 22, and X are structurally the same in all great apes. Chromosomes 3, 11, 14, 15, 18, and 20 matches between gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans. Chimps and humans match 1, 2p, 2q, 5, 7-10, 12, 16, and Y as well. Some older references include Y as a match between gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans, but chimps, bonobos, and humans have recently been found to share a large transposition of chromosomes 1 through Y not found in other apes.

This level of chromosomal similarity is roughly equivalent to that found on horses. Horse and mule interfertility is common, although the hereditary infancy (mules) is almost universal (with only about 60 exceptions recorded in horse history). Similar complexity and general sterility are associated with zebra-horse hybrids, or zorses, whose chromosomal differences are very wide, with horses typically having 32 pairs of chromosomes and zebra between 16 and 23 depending on the species. In direct parallel to the human-chimpanzee case, the Przewalski Horse ( Equus przewalskii ) with 33 pairs of chromosomes, and the domestic horse (E. Caballus) with 32 pairs, has been found to be fertile , and produce semi-lush descendants: male hybrids can breed with female domestic horses.

In 1977, researcher J. Michael Bedford found that human sperm can penetrate the protective outer membrane of egg owas. The Bedford paper also states that human spermatozoa will not even stick to the surface of non-hominoid primate zones (baboons, rhesus monkeys, and squirrel monkeys), concluding that although the specificity of human spermatozoa is not confined to humans alone, it may be limited. to Hominoidea.

Maps Humanzee

Hybridization experiment report

There have been no scientifically verified specimens of human-chimp hybrids, but there have been reports proven by unsuccessful attempts at human/chimp hybridization in the Soviet Union in the 1920s, and unproven reports on similar efforts during the second half of the century -20. century.

Ilya Ivanovich Ivanov was the first to try to create a human-chimp hybrid through artificial insemination. Ivanov outlined his idea as early as 1910 in a presentation to the World Congress of Zoologists in Graz. In the 1920s, Ivanov undertook a series of experiments, working with human sperm and female chimps, but he failed to reach a pregnancy. In 1929 he organized a series of experiments involving human non human sperm and human volunteers, but was delayed due to the death of his last orangutan. The following year he fell under political criticism from the Soviet government and was sentenced to exile in the Kazakh SSR; he worked there at the Kazakh Veterinary-Zootechnical Institute and died of a stroke two years later.

In the 1970s, a chimpanzee named Oliver popularized it as a possible "mutant" or even a human hybrid-chimpanzee. Oliver's chromosome examination at the University of Chicago in 1996 revealed that Oliver had forty-eight - not forty-seven chromosomes, denying earlier claims that he did not have normal chromosome numbers for chimpanzees. The morphology of Oliver's skull, ear shape, freckles, and baldness falls within the range of variability shown by common chimpanzees. The scientists conducted further research with Oliver, whose results are published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.

In the 1980s, there were reports of experiments in human-chimp crossings conducted in the People's Republic of China in 1967, and on the planned return of the experiment. In 1981, Ji Yongxiang, head of the hospital in Shengyang, reportedly claimed to have been part of a 1967 experiment in Shengyang where a chimpanzee females had been infused with human sperm. According to this report, the experiment was nothing because it was cut short by the Cultural Revolution, with the responsible scientists being sent to farm workers and pregnant chimpanzees dying of abandonment. According to Timothy McNulty of the Chicago Tribune, the report is based on an article in Shanghai's Wenhui Bao paper. Li Guong from the genetic research bureau at the Chinese Academy of Sciences cited as confirmation of both experiments before the Cultural Revolution and plans to continue testing.

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Evidence for early hominin hybridization

There is evidence for complicated speciation processes for the Pan - Homo split. This concerns the pre-date time of the emergence of Homo and will concern hybridization between Pan and Ardipithecus or Orrorin , not Homo . Different chromosomes appear to have been split at different times, suggesting that large-scale hybridization may have occurred over a four-million-year period leading to two bloodlines ("humans" and "chimps") that appear for up to six years. millions of years ago. The X chromosome similarity in humans and chimpanzees may show hybridization that occurred about four million years ago. This latter conclusion should be considered uncertain, with alternative proposals available to explain the time of clear short divergence in the X chromosome.

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In fiction

• First Born (TV series)
• Corinne de Vailly Normand Lester, Les orchidÃÆ' Â © es de Staline (2017), ISBN 978-2374532325.
• Susan Gates, Humanzee (1998), ISBNÃ, 978-0192717962.
• Michael Crichton, Next (2006), ISBNÃ, 978-0060873165.
• Laurence Gonzales, Lucy , (2010), ISBNÃ, 978-0307473905.

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See also

• The last common ancestor of chimpanzee-man
• Great ape personality
• The Great Ape Project
• Human evolution

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References

Source of the article : Wikipedia