Prohibition in the United States is a national constitutional prohibition on the production, importation, transportation and sale of alcoholic beverages from 1920 to 1933.
During the 19th century, alcoholism, family violence, and saloon-based political corruption prompted activists, led by pietistic Protestants, to end the trade of alcoholic beverages to heal ailing people and weaken political opposition. One result is that many communities in the late 20th and early 20th centuries introduced a ban on alcohol, with subsequent law enforcement being a contentious issue. Proponents of the ban, called "dry", present it as a victory for morals and public health.
Promoted by "dry" fighters, the movement is led by Protestant pietistik and Progressive social in Prohibition, Democratic and Republican parties. He gained a national grassroots base through the Women's Temperance Union. After 1900, he was coordinated by the Anti-Saloon League. The opposition of the beer industry mobilized "wet" supporters of the Catholic and German Lutheran communities. They had funds to fight but in 1917-1918 the German society had been marginalized by the nation's war against Germany, and the brewing industry was closed in the state after the state by the legislature and ultimately national under the Eighteen Amendments to the Constitution of the United States. in 1920. Allowing legislation, known as the Volstead Act, sets out rules to enforce federal bans and defines the types of alcoholic beverages that are prohibited. For example, the use of wine is religiously permitted. Private ownership and alcohol consumption are not made illegal under federal law, but local laws are stricter in many areas, with some countries banning direct ownership.
Criminal gangs can control the supply of beer and liquor for many cities. In the late 1920s, a new opposition was mobilized nationally. Blindly attacking the ban as a cause of crime, decreasing local income, and imposing religious Protestant rural values ​​in urban America. The prohibition ends with the ratification of the Twenty-First Amendment, which repealed the Eighteenth Amendment on 5 December 1933. Several states continued the statewide ban, marking one of the last stages of the Progressive Era.
Despite popular opinion believing that the Prohibition failed, it succeeded in cutting overall alcohol consumption in half during the 1920s, and consumption remained below pre-ban level until the 1940s, suggesting that the Prohibition did not socialize the significant proportion of the population in moderate temperate habits, at least temporarily. Liver cirrhosis rates "dropped 50 percent early in the Prohibition and recovered immediately after the Revocation in 1933." Fixed criticisms that the Prohibition leads to undesirable consequences such as the century of legal prohibitions and the growth of urban crime organizations, although some experts argue that violent crime does not increase dramatically, while others argue that crime during the Prohibition era is rightly attributed to increased urbanization, criminalization of alcohol use. As an experiment, they lost supporters every year, and lost the tax revenues the government needed when the Great Depression began in 1929.
Video Prohibition in the United States
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In the United States, after the battle against slavery was won (even, even before that), social moralists turned to other issues, such as Mormon polygamy and the "simplicity" movement.
The US Senate proposed the Eighteenth Amendment on December 18, 1918.
On November 18, 1918, before the ratification of the Eighteenth Amendment, the US Congress passed the Temporary Ban Prohibition, which banned the sale of alcoholic beverages containing more than 1.28% alcohol. (This action, intended to conserve grain for war effort, was passed after a truce ending World War I was signed on 11 November 1918.)
After being approved by the state on January 16, 1919, the amendment was ratified as part of the Constitution.
The Battle Prostitution Act came into force June 30, 1919, with July 1, 1919, known as "Haus-Pertama".
On October 28, 1919, Congress passed the Volstead Act, a popular name for the National Prohibition Act, over President Woodrow Wilson's veto. The law sets the legal definition of intoxicating liquor as well as the punishment to produce it. Although the Volstead Act prohibits the sale of alcohol, the federal government lacks the resources to enforce it.
Under the terms of the amendment, the country became dry one year later, on January 17, 1920.
In 1925, in New York City alone, there were about 30,000 to 100,000 speakeasy clubs.
While the Prohibition succeeds in reducing the amount of liquor consumed, it stimulates the proliferation of rampant, organized and widespread underground criminal activity. Many were shocked and disappointed by the emergence of spectacular gangster crimes (such as the 1929 Massacre of the Chicago Day of Saint Valentine), which stated that the ban would reduce crime. The prohibition loses its supporters one by one, while the wet opposition speaks of personal freedom, new tax revenues from legal and liquor beers, and organized crime disasters.
On March 22, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed the Cullen-Harrison Act, legalizing beer with 3.2% alcohol (based on weight) and wine with the same low alcohol content. On 5 December 1933, the ratification of the Twenty-First Amendment annulled the Eighteenth Amendment. However, US federal law still prohibits the manufacture of refined drinks without meeting many licensing requirements that make it impractical to produce alcoholic beverages for personal use.
Origins
The consumption of alcoholic beverages has been a topic of debate in America since the colonial period. In May 1657, the Massachusetts General Court made the sale of liquor "whether known as rum, whiskey, wine, brandy, etc." to the illegal Indians.
In general, informal social controls in homes and communities help maintain expectations that alcohol abuse is unacceptable. "Drunkenness is punished and punished, but merely as an abuse of God-given gifts, the drink itself is not seen as guilty, it is nothing more than food to be blamed for the sins of greed. When informal control fails, there is a legal option.
Shortly after the United States gained independence, the Whiskey Rebellion took place in western Pennsylvania in protest against a government-imposed tax on whiskey. Although taxes are primarily collected to help pay for the newly formed national debt, it also receives support from some social reformers, who hope the "tax sin" will raise public awareness about the harmful effects of alcohol. The whiskey tax was lifted after the Democratic Party-Republican Thomas Jefferson, who opposed the Federalist Party of Alexander Hamilton, came to power in 1800.
Benjamin Rush, one of the leading physicians of the late 18th century, believed in moderation rather than prohibition. In his treatise, "Investigating the Effects of the Holy Spirit on the Human Body and Mind" (1784), Rush argues that excessive alcohol use is harmful to physical and psychological health, labeling motion sickness. Apparently influenced by Rush's widely spoken beliefs, some 200 farmers in a Connecticut community formed an association of simplicity in 1789. Similar associations were formed in Virginia in 1800 and New York in 1808. Within a decade, other modest groups have been formed in eight states, some of them into organizations throughout the state. Rush's words and other early simplicity reformers serve to dispense alcohol usage for both men and women. While men enjoy drinking and often find it important for their health, women who begin embracing the ideology of "real moms" refrain from alcohol consumption. Middle-class women, who are considered their household's moral authority, consequently refuse to drink alcohol, which they believe is a threat to the home. In 1830, on average, Americans consumed 1.7 bottles of liquor per week, three times the amount consumed in 2010.
The 1898 Congressional Record, when reporting the proposed tax on distilled spirits (HR 10253), notes that the relationship between populations, taxes on distilled spirits (made from things other than fruit), and such consumption: (aggregates are grouped by tax percentage)
Development of prohibition movement
The American Temperance Society (ATS), formed in 1826, helped launch the first simplicity movement and served as the foundation for many later groups. In 1835, ATS had reached 1.5 million members, with women being 35% to 60% of her chapters.
The Prohibition Movement, also known as the Crusade, continued in the 1840s, spearheaded by denominations of pietistic religions, notably Methodists. The late nineteenth century saw the movement of simplicity expand its focus from abstinence to include all the behaviors and institutions associated with alcohol consumption. Preachers such as Reverend Mark A. Matthews link liquor with political corruption.
Some successes were achieved in the 1850s, including Maine's law, adopted in 1851, which prohibited the manufacture and sale of liquor. Prior to its removal in 1856, 12 countries followed the example set by Maine in a total ban. The movement of simplicity lost power and was marginalized during the American Civil War (1861-1865).
After the war, the dry crusade was revived by the National Prohibition Party, founded in 1869, and the Christian Temporary Union (WCTU), established in 1873. The WCTU advocates the prohibition of alcohol as a method of preventing, through education, harassment. of an alcoholic husband. WCTU members believe that if their organization can reach children with its message, it can create a dry sentiment that leads to a ban. Frances Willard, the second president of WCTU, argues that the organization's goal is to create "the union of women of all denominations, for the purpose of educating the youth, shaping better public sentiment, reforming the drinking classes, transforming with the power of their divine Mercy enslaved by alcohol , and remove dram-shops from our streets by law ". While still denying universal suffrage, women in WCTU follow Frances Willard's "Do Everything" doctrine and use simplicity as a method of entering politics and fostering other progressive issues such as prison reform and labor law.
In 1881 Kansas became the first state to ban alcoholic beverages in its Constitution. Carrie Nation became famous for imposing a state ban on alcohol consumption by walking to the salon, scolding customers, and using his ax to destroy bottles of liquor. The nation recruited women into Carrie's State Ban Group, which he also led. While the Nation's own vigilante technique is rare, other activists force dry causes by inserting saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloonkeepers to stop selling alcohol. Other dry countries, especially those in the South, impose banning laws, as do each district within a country.
Court cases also debate the subject of the ban. While some cases are in power, the general trend leads to support. In Mugler v. Kansas (1887), Justice Harlan commented: "We can not close ourselves from seeing the facts, in the knowledge of everyone, that public health, public morals, and public safety may be threatened by the use of intoxicating drinks in general, or fact set by statistics accessible to everyone, that laziness, chaos, poverty and crime in this country, at some point... can be traced to this crime. "To support the ban, Crowley v. Christensen (1890), commenting: "The statistics of each country show a greater number of crime and tribulations caused by the passionate use gained in this retail liquor than on any other source."
The proliferation of environmental saloons in the post-Civil War era became an increasingly industrial phenomenon, urban labor. Bar workers are a popular social gathering place of work and home life. The brewing industry is actively involved in building saloons as a profitable consumer base in their business chains. Saloons are more often than not related to a particular brewery, where saloonkeeper operations are financed by brewers and are contractually obligated to sell the brewery to the exclusion of competing brands. The saloon business model often includes a free lunch offer, where a tariff bill usually consists of a very salty meal intended to encourage thirst and the purchase of a drink. During the Progressive Era (1890-1920), hostilities towards the saloons and their political influence became widespread, with the Anti-Saloon League replacing the Women's Prohibition Party and Temperance Christian as the most influential advocate of advocacy, after the latter two groups expanded. their efforts to support other social reform issues, such as women's suffrage, to their banning platform.
Prohibition was an important force in state and local politics from the 1840s to the 1930s. A number of historical studies show that the political forces involved are ethnoreligious. Prohibition is supported by drainage, especially pietistic Protestant denominations which include Methodist, Northern Baptist, Southern Baptist, Presbyterian New School, Disciples of Christ, Congregationalist, Quaker, and Scandinavian Lutheran, but also including the American Total Total Abstinence Catholicism and, to some extent , Latter-day Saints. These religious groups identify the saloons as corrupt politically and drink as personal sin. Other active organizations include the Women's Church Federation, the Women's Temperature Crusade, and the Scientific Temperance Instruction Department. They were opposed by exterminators, especially the liturgical Protestants (Episcopal and Lutheran Germans) and Roman Catholics, who denounced the idea that governments should define morality. Even in New York City's wet camp there is an active banning movement, led by Norwegian church groups and African-American labor activists who believe that the ban will benefit workers, especially African-Americans. Tea sellers and fountain manufacturers generally support the ban, believing alcohol bans will increase sales of their products. A very effective operator on the political front was Wayne Wheeler of the Anti-Saloon League, who made the ban on wedge issues and managed to get many pro-ban candidates elected. Originating from Ohio, his deep irritation with alcohol began at a young age. He was injured on a farm by a drunk worker. This event changed Wheeler. Beginning low in the ranks, he quickly moved because of his strong-rooted hatred of alcohol. He then realized to continue the movement, he would need more public approval, and sooner. This was the beginning of his policy of so-called 'wheelerism' in which he used the media to make it seem like the general public "entered" on a particular issue. Wheeler is known as a "dry boss" because of his influence and power.
Prohibition represents the conflict between urban and rural values ​​emerging in the United States. Given the large flow of migrants to urban centers in the United States, many people in the prohibition movement relate crime and moral corruption behavior of American cities with their large immigrant population. Saloons frequented by immigrants in these cities are frequented by politicians who want to get immigrant voices in return for help such as job offers, legal aid, and food baskets. Thus, saloons are seen as breeding grounds for political corruption.
In a reaction to the realities arising from the changing American demographics, many prohibitions subscribe to the doctrine of nativism, in which they support the idea that America was made great as a result of Anglo-Saxon white ancestors. This belief drives resentment against the urban immigrant community, which usually argues for the abolition of prohibitions. In addition, indigenous sentiments are part of a larger Americanization process that occurs during the same time period.
Two other constitutional amendments were championed by dry crusaders to aid their cause. One is granted in the Sixteenth Amendment (1913), which supersedes the federal government's federal tax dollars with federal income taxes. The other is women's suffrage, granted after the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment of 1920; Because women tend to support prohibition, temperance organizations tend to support women's suffrage.
In the 1916 presidential election Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson and Republican candidate Charles Evans Hughes ignored the ban, as did the political platform of both parties. Democrats and Republicans have strong wet and dry factions, and the election is expected to be close, with no candidate wishing to alienate any part of his political base.
In March 1917, the 65th Congress was held, in which the numbers were more than 140 to 64 in the Democratic Party and 138 to 62 between Republicans. With the American war declaration against Germany in April, German Americans, great power against the ban, ruled out and their protests were then ignored. In addition, a new justification for banning emerged: banning alcoholic beverage production would allow more resources - especially grains that are otherwise used to make alcohol - to be devoted to war effort. While the war ban was a spark for the movement, World War I ended before the National ban came into force.
The resolution called for the amendment of the Constitution to achieve the National ban introduced in Congress and authorized by both houses in December 1917. On 16 January 1919, the Amendment was ratified by 36 of 48 states, making it law. Finally, only two states - Connecticut and Rhode Island - have chosen not to ratify it. On October 28, 1919, Congress passed an enabling law, known as the Volstead Act, to enforce the Eighteenth Amendment when enacted in 1920.
Starting from national ban (January 1920)
The ban began on January 16, 1920, when the Eighteen Amendment was enacted. A total of 1,520 Federal Ban agents (police) are assigned law enforcement.
Amendment supporters soon became convinced that it would not be repealed. One of its creators, Senator Morris Sheppard, joked that "there are many chances to undo the Eighteen Amendment because there is a humming bird to fly to Mars with a Washington Monument attached to its tail."
At the same time, the songs appear to denounce the action. After Edward, Prince of Wales, returned to England after his tour of Canada in 1919, he told his father, King George V, a short song he heard in a border town:
The prohibition becomes highly controversial among medical professionals, as alcohol is widely prescribed by doctors of the era for therapeutic purposes. Congress held a hearing on the value of beer medicine in 1921. Subsequently, doctors across the country lobbied for the lifting of the Prohibition as it applied to drug liquor. From 1921 to 1930, doctors earned about $ 40 million for whiskey recipes.
While the manufacture, import, sale, and transportation of alcohol is illegal in the United States, Section 29 of the Volstead Act allows wine and fruit juice from fruit at home, but not beer. Up to 200 gallons of wine and fruit juice per year can be made, and some vineyards grow grapes for home use. The law does not prohibit alcohol consumption. Many people stockpiled wine and liquor for their personal use in the latter part of 1919 before the sale of alcoholic beverages became illegal in January 1920.
Because alcohol is legal in neighboring countries, refineries and factories in Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean are developing as their products are either consumed by visiting Americans or being smuggled into the United States illegally. The Detroit River, which is part of the US border with Canada, is notoriously difficult to control, especially the rum-run in Windsor, Canada. When the US government complained to Britain that American law was being undermined by officials in Nassau, Bahamas, the head of the British Colonial Office refused to intervene. Winston Churchill believes that Prohibition is "an affront to the whole history of mankind".
Three federal agencies were assigned the task of enforcing the Volstead Act: the US Coastal Legal Oversight Office, the US Department of Justice's BANS Bureau of Prohibition, and the US Bureau of Justice Bureau.
Bootlegging and hoarding old inventory
As early as 1925, journalist H. L. Mencken believes that the Prohibition does not work. "Prohibition works best when directed to its main target: the working class is poor." Historian Lizabeth Cohen wrote: "A rich family can have a booth full of liquor and survive, it seems, but if a poor family has a bottle of homemade drink, there will be trouble." Working class people are poisoned by the fact that their employers can get into the private cache while they, the employees, can not.
Prior to the Eighteenth Amendment entered into force in January 1920, many of the upper classes hoard alcohol for legitimate home consumption after the Prohibition began. They buy liquor retailers and wholesalers, empty their warehouses, saloons, and club warehouses. President Woodrow Wilson transferred his own alcoholic supply to his residence in Washington after his term ended. His successor, Warren G. Harding, relocated his own large supply to the White House after the inauguration.
After the Eighteenth Amendment became law, the United States embraced pirated. In just the first six months of 1920 alone, the federal government opened 7,291 cases for violations of the Volstead Act. Only in the first complete fiscal year of 1921, the number of cases violating the Volstead Act jumped to 29,114 violations and will increase dramatically over the next thirteen years.
Doctors are able to prescribe alcohol drugs for their patients. After just six months of prohibition, more than fifteen thousand doctors and fifty seven thousand pharmacists got their license to prescribe medical alcohol. Grape juice is not limited by Prohibition, although if allowed to sit for sixty days it will ferment and switch to wine with twelve percent alcohol content. Many people take advantage of this as the wine juice output quadruple during the Prohibition era.
In October 1930, just two weeks before the congressional midterm election, robber George Cassiday - the "green hat man" - stepped forward and told the congressman how he spent the summer for ten years. One of the few shoemakers who ever told his story, Cassiday wrote five front-page articles for The Washington Post, where he estimated that 80% of congressmen and senators are drunk. The Democrats in the North mostly dampened, and in the 1932 elections, they made great profits. The quotation states that the prohibition does not stop the crime, and in fact leads to the formation of large-scale criminal syndicates, financed well and armed well. When the Prohibition becomes increasingly unpopular, especially in urban areas, its lifting is highly anticipated.
Weak enforcement
One of the main reasons why Prohibition does not go smoothly is the lack of strong public support for it. Since its inception, the Eighteenth Amendment lacked legitimacy in the eyes of the public who were previously drinkers and law-abiding citizens. In some cases, the public views the Prohibition laws as "arbitrary and unnecessary," and therefore willing to break them. Although large resources are diverted to impose a ban on tougher sentences and stronger armed police tactics, many people are indeed willing to break the law. As a result, law enforcement finds themselves overwhelmed by the increasing distribution of large scale illegal alcohol.
The most important reason for the imposition of an Inefficient Ban is police corruption. Because alcohol trading becomes an exclusive business of gangsters - the most brutal element in society - and because they sell at lucrative black market prices, they can often bribe police, prosecutors, and judges. In addition, because people still want to frequent bars and restaurants selling alcohol, such businesses continue to operate. But they can only do it by paying the police. Furthermore, since the Prohibition is ultimately regarded as a play, respect for the law in general declines, prompting the notion that all laws can be ignored.
In addition, law enforcement under the Eighteen Amendment does not have centralized authority. The pastor is sometimes called to form a vigilante group to assist in the enforcement of the Prohibition. Furthermore, American geography contributes to the difficulty in enforcing the Prohibition. The diverse valleys, mountains, lakes, and swamps, and the vast ocean, harbors and borders shared by the United States with Canada and Mexico make it very difficult for the Prohibition agencies to stop the harvesters due to their lack of resources. It was finally recognized by its abrogation that the means to be upheld were not pragmatic, and in many cases the legislature was inconsistent with public opinion.
Police in Chicago and in other major US cities, often direct and permit illegal activities in areas largely unseen by powerful and wealthy cities. These areas are largely composed of poor immigrant communities. The direction of these crimes into the immigrant community creates a broad relationship between strangers and criminality.
The Ku Klux Klan speaks volumes about denouncing liquor makers and threatening personal safeguards against known offenders. Despite its large membership in the mid-1920s, the organization was not well organized and rarely impacted. Indeed, the Clan's disgrace after 1925 helped to underestimate the enforcement of Prohibition.
The ban is a major blow to the alcoholic beverage industry and its removal is a step toward improving one sector of the economy. An example is the case of St. Louis, one of the most important alcohol producers before the ban begins, is ready to continue his position in the industry as quickly as possible. The main brewery has "50,000 barrels" of beer ready to be distributed since March 22, 1933, and is the first producer of alcohol to supply the market; others soon followed. After the retraction, the shops obtained a liquor license and refilled it for business. After the beer production continues, thousands of workers find jobs in the industry again.
The prohibition of creating a black market that competed with the formal economy, came under pressure when the Great Depression struck in 1929. The state government urgently taxed the sale of taxes resulting from the sale of alcohol. Franklin Roosevelt was elected in 1932 partly based on his pledge to end the ban, which affected his support to ratify the Twenty-First Amendment to lift the ban.
Maps Prohibition in the United States
Retract
Navy Captain William H. Stayton was a prominent figure in the anti-prohibition struggle, establishing the Association Against the Prohibition of Amendment in 1918. AAPA is the largest of nearly forty organizations that are struggling to end the Prohibition. Economic instability played a major role in accelerating advocacy of repeal. The conservative numbers that propelled the ban initially decreased. Many farmers struggling for banning now struggle to pull it out because of its negative effects on the agricultural business. Prior to 1920 the implementation of the Volstead Act, about 14% of federal, state, and local tax revenues came from alcohol trade. When the Great Depression struck and tax revenues fell, the government needed this revenue stream. Millions can be made by taxing beer. There is controversy over whether the revocation should be a state or national decision. On March 22, 1933, President Franklin Roosevelt signed an amendment to the Volstead Act, known as the Cullen-Harrison Act, which enables the manufacture and sale of 3.2% beer (3.2% alcohol based on weight, about 4% alcohol by volume) and light wine. The Volstead Act previously defines an intoxicating drink as a beverage with more than 0.5% alcohol. After signing the Cullen-Harrison Act, Roosevelt made his famous statement: "I think this is a good time to have a beer." According to a 2017 study in the Publications journal, representatives from traditional beer-producing countries, and Democrat politicians, most supportive of the bill, but politicians from many southern states are strongly opposed. to the law.
The Eighteenth Amendment was lifted on 5 December 1933, with the ratification of the Twenty-First Amendment of the US Constitution. In spite of the efforts of Heber J. Grant, president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, 21 Utah members of the constitutional convention voted unanimously that day to ratify the Twenty-First Amendment, making Utah the 36th state to do so , and puts the withdrawal of the Eighteen Amendment from above in the required ballot.
Post-rete
The Twenty-first Amendment does not prevent states from restricting or banning alcohol; on the contrary, it prohibits the "transportation or importation of alcohol" to States, Territories or the United States Handbook "" violates its laws ", thereby enabling state and local alcohol controls. There are still many dry counties and cities in the United States that restrict or ban liquor sales.
In addition, many tribal governments banned alcohol on Indian reservations. Federal law also prohibits alcohol on Indian reservations, although this law is currently only enforced when there are violations in tandem with local tribal liquor laws.
After repeal, some former supporters publicly admitted failure. For example, John D. Rockefeller, Jr., explains his view in a 1932 letter:
When the Prohibition is introduced, I hope it will be widely supported by public opinion and that day will come soon when the evil effects of alcohol will be recognized. I have slowly and reluctantly come to believe that this has not been the result. Conversely, drinking generally increases; speakeasy has replaced the saloon; a large army of offenders has emerged; many of our best citizens have openly ignored the Prohibition; respect for the law has been greatly reduced; and crime has risen to levels never seen before.
It is unclear whether Prohibition reduces alcohol consumption per capita. Some historians claim that alcohol consumption in the United States does not exceed pre-Ban level until the 1960s; others claim that alcohol consumption reached pre-banning levels several years after its enactment, and continues to increase. Cirrhosis of the liver, symptoms of alcoholism, decreased almost two-thirds during Prohibition. Within decades after the Prohibition, any stigma associated with alcohol consumption was erased; according to a Gallup Polls survey conducted almost every year since 1939, two-thirds of American adults aged 18 and older drink alcohol.
Shortly after World War II, a national opinion survey found that "About one-third of the people of the United States support the national ban." After the lifting of the national ban, 18 countries continue to ban at the state level. The last state, Mississippi, finally ended in 1966. Nearly two-thirds of all countries adopted some form of local options that allowed citizens in political subdivisions to vote or oppose local bans. Therefore, despite the lifting of the ban at the national level, 38% of the country's population lives in areas with state or local restrictions.
Christian Views
The ban from the beginning to the mid-20th century was largely driven by Protestant denominations in the southern United States, a region dominated by conservative social evangelical Protestantism with a very high Christian church presence. Generally, Protestant evangelical denominations encourage prohibition, while underline Protestant denominations do not approve of its introduction. However, there are exceptions to this rule such as the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (German Confessional Lutherans), which is usually considered to be within the sphere of evangelical Protestantism. The Pietist Churches in the United States (especially Baptist, Methodist, Presbyterian, Congregationalist and other churches in evangelical traditions) seek to end drinking and saloon culture during the Third Party System. The liturgical ("high") churches (Roman Catholic, Episcopal, German Lutheran and others in the mainstream tradition) oppose the prohibition laws because they do not want the government to reduce the definition of morality to a narrow standard or to criminalize the general liturgical practice of using wine.
Revivalism during the Second Awakening and Third Awakening in the mid to late 19th century set the stage for the bond between pietistic Protestantism and the US ban: "The greater the prevalence of revival religion in a population, the greater the support for the ban party in the population. "Historian Nancy Koester argues that Prohibition is" a victory for progressives and social evangelists fighting poverty ". Prohibition also unifies progressive and revivalist.
The movement of simplicity has popularized the belief that alcohol is the main cause of most personal and social problems and banning is seen as a solution to poverty, crime, violence and other diseases in the country. After the ratification of the amendment, renowned evangelist Billy Sunday said that "Slums will soon be memorable We will turn our prisons into our factory and our prisons into warehouses and corned beef." (Compare Christianity and alcohol.) Because alcohol is forbidden and because it is thought to be the cause of most, if not all, crimes, some communities sell their prisons.
The nation is very optimistic and the leading ban in the United States Congress, Senator Morris Sheppard, confidently affirms that "There are many opportunities to undo the Eighteen Amendment because a hummingbird flew to the planet Mars with a Washington Monument tied to its tail."
Prohibition Effects
The academic literature on the effects of banning has stated that the popular claim that banning is a failure is wrong. Mark H. Moore, a professor at Kennedy Harvard University School of Government, stated, in connection with the effects of banning:
Alcohol consumption drops dramatically during the Prohibition. The rate of cirrhosis death for men was 29.5 per 100,000 in 1911 and 10.7 in 1929. Acceptance to the state mental hospital for alcoholic psychosis decreased from 10.1 per 100,000 in 1919 to 4.7 in 1928. Catching for public drunkenness and disorderly behavior decreased 50 percent between 1916 and 1922 For the population as a whole, the best estimate was that alcohol consumption decreased by 30 to 50 percent.
In particular, "rates for cirrhosis of the liver fell by 50 percent early in the Prohibition and recovered immediately after the Revocation in 1933."
Historian Jack S. Blocker, Jr. states that "The mortality rate due to cirrhosis and alcoholism, hospital acceptance of alcoholic psychosis, and the arrest of drunkenness all declined sharply during the last years of the 1910s, as the cultural and legal climate became increasingly unfriendly to drinking, and in years early after the National Prohibition came into force. "In addition," once the Prohibition becomes state law, many citizens decide to obey it ".
Most economists during the early 20th century agreed with the enactment of the Eighteen (Prohibition) Amendment. Simon Patten, one of the foremost proponents of the ban, predicted that the ban would eventually take place in the United States for competitive and evolutionary reasons. Yale economics professor Irving Fisher, who is dry, wrote a lot about the ban, including a paper that makes the economic case for banning. Fisher is credited with supplying criteria that challenge future bans, such as against marijuana, can be measured, in terms of crime, health, and productivity. For example, "Blue Monday" refers to workers who get drunk after a weekend of liquor parties, so Monday is a wasted day. But new research has discredited Fisher's research, based on uncontrolled experiments; however, the figure of $ 6 billion for annual profits The ban to the United States continues to be quoted.
Making moonshine is an industry in South America before and after the Prohibition. In the 1950s muscles became popular and various paths were known as "Thunder Paths" for use by moonshins. Popular ballads are created and legendary racers, cars and routes are depicted in the movie on Thunder Road.
Consumption rates during Prohibition
Illegal sales are not officially reported or measured, but there are indirect estimates that use alcohol-related deaths and cirrhosis, a liver disease that is specifically associated with ongoing alcohol consumption. Experts predict that consumption fell to the lowest level of about 60% of the pre-prohibition rate around 1925, rising to nearly 80% before the law was formally revoked. After the ban is applied, alcohol continues to be consumed. However, how much compared to pre-ban level is still unclear. Studies examining cirrhotic death rates as a proxy for alcohol consumption estimate a 10-20% decrease in consumption. However, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism studies shows clear epidemiological evidence that "overall cirrhosis mortality rates dropped dramatically with the introduction of the Prohibition," although it ruled out violations of the law. One study reviewing city-level drunken arrests concluded that prohibition had a direct effect, but no long-term effects. And, another study examining "mortality, mental health and crime statistics" found that alcohol consumption fell, initially, to about 30 percent of pre-prohibitive rate; but, over the next few years, it increases to about 60-70 percent of its pre-prohibitive rate.
Within a week after the ban came into force, portable small items were sold throughout the country.
A 2017 study concluded that in the six years from 1934 to 1939, "the excess of 13,665 infant deaths... could be caused by the lifting of the federal ban in 1933."
Organized crime
Professor Mark H. Moore stated that contrary to popular opinion, "violent crime does not increase dramatically during Prohibition" and organized crime "exists before and after" Prohibition.
Other sources, however, argue that organized crime receives a major boost from the Prohibition. Mafia groups restricted their activities to prostitution, gambling, and theft until 1920, when organized organizations emerged in response to the Prohibition. A lucrative, often violent, dark market for developing alcohol. Prohibition provides a financial basis for organized crime to flourish.
In one study of more than 30 major US cities during the 1920 and 1921 banning years, crime rates increased 24%. In addition, theft and theft increased by 9%, killings by 12.7%, attacks and batteries up 13%, drug addiction by 44.6%, and police department fees up 11.4%. This is largely the result of "black market violence" and the transfer of law enforcement resources elsewhere. Although the expectations of the Prohibition movement that prohibits alcohol will reduce crime, the fact is that the Volstead Act causes higher crime rates than those experienced before the Prohibition and the formation of black markets dominated by criminal organizations. The Saint Valentine's Day Massacre resulted in seven deaths, considered one of the deadliest days in mass history. A 2016 NBER paper indicates that South Carolina determined that the enacted and enforced restrictions had murder rates rising by 30 to 60 percent compared with areas that did not impose restrictions.
However, some scholars have linked crimes during the Prohibition era to increase urbanization, rather than criminalizing alcohol use. In some cities, such as New York City, crime rates declined during the Prohibition era. The overall crime rate declined from the period 1849 to 1951, making crimes during the Prohibition period less often associated with the criminalization of alcohol itself.
Strong liquors are soaring in popularity because their potential makes it more profitable to smuggle. To prevent liquor makers from using industrial ethyl alcohol to produce illegal beverages, the federal government ordered industrial alcohol poisoning. In response, the wearers of boots hired a chemist who managed to renew alcohol to make it drinkable. In response, the Treasury requires manufacturers to add more lethal toxins, including highly lethal methyl alcohols, consisting of 4 parts methanol of 2.25 parts of pyridine and 0.5 parts of benzene per 100 parts of ethyl alcohol. The New York City medical examiner clearly opposes this policy because of the danger to human life. A total of 10,000 people died from drinking denatured alcohol before the Prohibition ended. New York City medical examiner Charles Norris believes that the government is responsible for the killings when they know the poison does not deter people and they continue to poison industrial alcohol (which will be used in drinking alcohol). Norris commented: "The government knows it does not stop drinking by putting toxins into alcohol... [Y] et continue the toxic process, unaware of the fact that people are determined to drink every day to absorb the poison." Knowing this is true, the American Government The union must be charged with moral responsibility for the poisoned death of the cause of liquor, although it can not be considered legally responsible. "
Another deadly substance that often replaces alcohol is "canned cans", also commonly known as Sterno. Forcing substances through an emergency filter, such as a handkerchief, creates a rough liquor substitute; However, the results are toxic, though not often deadly. Many of those poisoned consequently united to sue the government for reparations after the end of the Prohibition.
Making alcohol at home is very common during Prohibition. Shops sell wine concentrates with warning labels that include steps to avoid in order to prevent juice from fermenting into wine. Some drugstores sell "medical wine" with alcohol content of about 22%. To justify the sale, the wine was given a taste of the drug. Refined liquors at home are called gin baths in the northern towns, and liquor in rural Virginia, Kentucky, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and Tennessee. Good alcoholic beverages are easier than making good beer. Because selling private distilled alcohol is illegal and passes government taxes, law enforcement officers are not relentlessly pursuing producers. In response, the harvesters modified their cars and trucks by increasing engines and suspensions to make vehicles faster which, they consider, would increase their chances of escaping and escaping the Bureau of Prohibition agent, commonly called "revenue agents" or "revenuers". These cars are known as "moonshine runners" or sprinters " '". Shops are also known to participate in the underground liquor market, stocking them with ingredients for liquor, including bÃÆ'Â © nÃÆ'Ã… © dictine, vermouth, scotch mash, and even ethyl alcohol, which anyone can buy legally.
The ban also affects the music industry in the United States, especially with jazz. Speakeasies became very popular, and the Great Depression migration effect led to the spread of jazz music, from New Orleans to the north through Chicago and to New York. This led to the development of different styles in different cities. Due to its popularity in speakeasies and the advent of advanced recording technology, the popularity of jazz is skyrocketing. It was also at the forefront of the minimal integration effort that occurred at the time, as it brings together the majority of black musicians with the most white audiences.
Along with other economic effects, Enforcement and Enforcement Prohibition leads to an increase in resource costs. During the 1920's the Bureau's annual budget increased from $ 4.4 million to $ 13.4 million. In addition, the US Coast Guard spends an average of $ 13 million annually to enforce a ban law. These figures do not take into account costs for local and state governments.
When the Prohibition was lifted in 1933, many harvests and suppliers turned to legitimate liquor business. Some crime syndicates are shifting their efforts in extending their protection to close the sale of legal liquor and other business areas.
Other effects
As a result of the Prohibition, industrialization advances in the alcoholic beverage industry are essentially reversed. Large-scale alcohol producers are closed, for the most part, and some citizens take it themselves to produce alcohol illegally, essentially reversing the efficiency of mass production and retail of alcoholic beverages. Closing factories and beverages in the country also resulted in an economic downturn for the industry. While the Eighteen Amendment does not have this effect on the industry because of its failure to define a "intoxicating" drink, the Volstead Act definition of 0.5% or more of alcohol with a lethal volume of brewers, is expected to continue producing moderate beer. power.
When saloons die, public drinks lose much macho connotation, resulting in increased social acceptance of women drinking in the semi-public environment of speakeasies. The new norm sets females as new target demographics famous for alcohol traders, who seek to expand their customers. Therefore, women find their way into the business of trading, with some finding that they can make a living by selling alcohol with the least possibility of suspicion by law enforcement. Before the ban, women who drink in public at salons or taverns, especially outside the city center like Chicago or New York, are seen as immoral or tend to be prostitutes.
In 1930, the Commissioner of the Prohibition estimated that in 1919, the year before the Volstead Act became law, the average American who drank spent $ 17 per year on alcoholic beverages. In 1930, as enforcement reduced supply, spending increased to $ 35 per year (no inflation in this period). The result is an illegal alcoholic beverage industry that generates an average of $ 3 billion per year in unpaid illegal income.
Heavy drinkers and alcoholics are among the groups most affected during Prohibition. Those who are determined to find liquor can still do so, but those who see their drinking habits as destructive usually have difficulty in finding the help they seek. Self-help communities have withered with the alcohol industry. In 1935 a new group of auxiliaries called Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) was founded.
The ban has important effects on the alcohol brewing industry in the United States. Wine historians note that the Prohibition destroys what constitutes the new wine industry in the United States. Quality wines and quality wines are replaced by low-quality vines that grow with thicker-skinned grapes, which can be more easily transported. Much of institutional knowledge is also lost because winemakers emigrate to other wine-producing countries or leave business altogether. The refined spirit became more popular during Prohibition. Because of its higher alcohol content compared to fermented grapes and beers, it is common to mix and dilute hard alcohol.
Wine Making during Prohibition
The Volstead Act specifically allows each farmer to make a certain wine "on legal fiction that it is a non-intoxicating fruit juice for home consumption", and many do. The enterprising wine growers produce liquid and semi-solid wine concentrates, often called "wine bricks" or "wine blocks". This demand led to California wine growers to increase their land under cultivation by about 700% during the first five years of the Prohibition. The wine concentrate is sold with a warning: "After dissolving the bricks in a gallon of water, do not place the liquid in the jar in the closet for twenty days, because then it will turn into wine".
The Volstead Act allows the sale of sacramental wine to priests and ministers, and allows rabbis to approve the sale of sacramental wine to individuals for the Sabbath and the use of holidays at home. Among Jews, four rabbinical groups were approved, which led to some competition for membership, since the supervision of the sacramental license could be used to secure donations to support religious institutions. There is a known violation in this system, with unauthorized fraudsters or agents using loopholes to buy wine.
See also
Note
References
Further reading
External links
- The Effect of Alcohol Prohibition on Alcohol Consumption (PDF)
- Hypertext History - US Bans
- Prohibition news page - Alcohol and Drugs, Community History
- About.com: Prohibition (in the US)
- What is the Prohibition to Reduce Alcohol Consumption and Crime?
- The Senate Judiciary Committee on Prohibition of Alcohol - 1926
- Policy Analysis - Alcohol Prohibition Is A Failure
- Prohibition on Appalachia: "Little Chicago" The Story of Johnson City, Tennessee
- Free from Nightmare of Prohibition (by Harry Browne)
- US Historical Prohibition Picture
- Prohibition: How Dry Are We No - slideshow by Life Magazine
- "Interview With Dr. James M. Doran". Popular Science Monthly , November 1930, pp.Ã, 19-21/146-147, interview with Commissioner of the 1930 Ban.
- "How Will You Wet Your Whistle?" as noted by Billy Murray
- Report on US Enforcement Prohibition by the National Commission on Oversight and Law Enforcement (Wickersham Commission Report on Alcohol Prohibition)
- See more images by selecting the subject "Alcohol" on Persuasive Cartography, PJ Mode Collection, Cornell University Library
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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