Summer Olympics (French: Jeux olympics d'ÃÆ' © tà ©  © ) or Games from Olympiad , first held in 1896, is an international multi-sport event organized by different cities every four years. The newest Olympics are held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) organizes the Olympics and oversees the preparation of the host city. In every Olympic event, a gold medal is awarded for first place, silver medal is awarded for second place, and a bronze medal is awarded for third place; This tradition began in 1904. The Winter Olympics were created for the success of the Summer Olympics.
The Olympics has increased within the scope of the 42-event competition with less than 250 male competitors from 14 countries in 1896, to 306 events with 11,238 competitors (6,179 men, 5,059 women) from 206 countries by 2016.
The Summer Olympics have been held on five continents by a total of nineteen different countries. The United States has hosted the Olympics four times (in 1904, 1932, 1984 and 1996); this is more often than any other country. The Olympics has been held three times in England (in 1908, 1948 and 2012); twice each in Greece (1896, 2004), France (1900, 1924), Germany (1936, 1972) and Australia (1956, 2000); (1920), Japan (1964), Mexico (1968), Canada (1976), the Soviet Union (1980), and ), South Korea (1988), Spain (1992), China (2008) and Brazil (2016).
The IOC has chosen Tokyo, Japan, to host the Summer Olympics for the second time in 2020. The 2024 Summer Olympics will be held in Paris, France, for the third time, exactly one hundred years after the last Summer Olympics in the city in 1924 The IOC has also selected Los Angeles, California to hold its third Summer Games in 2028.
To date, only five countries have participated in every Summer Olympics - Australia, France, England, Greece and Switzerland. The United States leads an all-time medal table for the Summer Olympics.
Video Summer Olympic Games
Hosting
The United States has hosted more Summer Olympics than any other country: 1904 The match is held at St. Louis, Missouri; The 1932 and 1984 Olympics were held in Los Angeles, California; and the 1996 Games were held in Atlanta, Georgia. The 2028 Games in Los Angeles will mark the fifth occasion in which the Summer Olympics have been hosted by the US.
In 2012, England hosted the third Summer Olympics in the capital, London, which became the first city ever to host the Summer Olympics three times. The cities of Los Angeles, Paris, and Athens each host two Summer Olympics. In 2024, France will host the third Summer Olympics in its capital, making Paris the second city to host three Summer Olympics. By 2028, Los Angeles will be the third city to host the Olympics three times.
Australia, France, Germany and Greece have hosted the Summer Olympic Games twice. The IOC has chosen Tokyo, Japan, to host the 2020 Summer Olympics, when it will be the first city outside the Western world to host the Summer Olympics more than once, after hosting the 1964 Summer Olympics. hosting the Summer Olympics are Belgium, Brazil, China, Canada, Finland, Italy, Mexico, Netherlands, South Korea, Spain, the Soviet Union and Sweden; each of these countries has hosted the Summer Games on just one occasion.
Asia has hosted the Summer Olympics three times, in Tokyo, Japan (1964), Seoul, South Korea (1988), and Beijing, China (2008); Asia will host the Games for the fourth time in 2020 when Tokyo returns to the host city. Historically, the Summer Olympics have been held mainly in English-speaking countries and European countries. Tokyo will be the first city outside this region to host the Summer Olympics twice; it will also be the largest city ever to host the Olympics, which has grown tremendously since 1964.
The 2016 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, is the first Summer Games to be held in South America and the first held during the local winter. Only two countries in the Southern Hemisphere that host the Summer Olympics are Australia (1956, 2000) and Brazil (2016). Africa has yet to host the Summer Olympics.
Stockholm, Sweden, has hosted events at two Summer Olympics, which hosted the single from the 1912 Olympics, and held a riding event at the 1956 Summer Olympics (credited as host to Melbourne, Australia). Amsterdam, the Netherlands, also held events at two Summer Olympics, which hosted the single from 1928 Games and previously hosted two sailing competitions at the 1920 Summer Games. At the 2008 Summer Olympics, Hong Kong provided a venue for horse riding events, which took place at Sha Tin and Kwu Tung.
Maps Summer Olympic Games
History
Initial years
The modern Olympics was founded in 1894 when Pierre de Coubertin sought to promote international understanding through sports competitions. He based the Olympics at the Wenlock Olympian Society's Annual Olympics, which has been contested at Much Wenlock since 1850. The first edition of de Coubertin's match, held in Athens in 1896, attracted only 245 competitors, of which more than 200 were Greek, and only 14 countries represented. However, no international event of this magnitude has been held before. Female athletes are not allowed to compete, although a woman, Stamata Revithi, runs her own marathon course, saying "[i] f committee does not let me compete, I will pursue them".
The Summer Olympics of 1896, officially known as the Olympics, is an international multi-sport event celebrated in Athens, Greece, from April 6 to 15, 1896. This is the first Olympic Games held in the modern era. Around 100,000 people attended the opening of the match. The athletes come from 14 different countries, with most coming from Greece. Although Greece has athletes at most, the US ends up with the most champions. 11 Americans took first place in their game vs. 10 from Greece. Ancient Greece is the birthplace of the Olympics, consequently Athens is considered the right choice to hold the premiere modern Olympics. Acclamation was chosen as the host city during a congress organized by Pierre de Coubertin, a French pedagogy and historian, in Paris, on June 23, 1894. The IOC was also established during this congress.
Despite numerous obstacles and setbacks, the 1896 Olympics was considered a great success. The Olympics has the largest international participation of any sporting event on that date. Panathinaiko Stadium, the first major stadium in the modern world, is full of the largest spectators ever to watch sporting events. The highlight for the Greeks was a marathon victory by compatriot Spiridon Louis, the water carrier. He won in 2 hours 58 minutes and 50 seconds, starting a wild celebration at the stadium. The most successful competitor is the German wrestler and gymnast Carl Schuhmann, who won four gold medals.
After the Olympics, de Coubertin and IOC were asked by several prominent figures including King George of Greece and several American competitors in Athens, to organize all the following Olympic Games in Athens. However, the 1900 Summer Olympics were already planned for Paris and, except for the 1906 Intercalated Games, the Olympics did not return to Greece until the 2004 Summer Olympics.
Four years later the 1900 Summer Olympics in Paris drew more than four times as many athletes, including 20 women, who were allowed to officially compete for the first time, in croquet, golf, sailing and tennis. The Olympics are integrated with the Paris World Exhibition and last for 5 months. It's debatable, which is exactly Olympic , because some or maybe not even one of those events were advertised at the time.
Decreasing figures for the 1904 Olympics in St. Petersburg Louis, Missouri, USA, partly because of the long transatlantic long-ship voyages required from European competitors, and integration with the Louisiana Purchase Exhibition World Expo, which once again spread the show out over a long period of time. Unlike Paris 1900, the word Olympic is used for almost every contest, including those specific to school boys or for Irish-Americans.
A smaller series of games were held in Athens in 1906. The IOC currently does not recognize this game as an official Olympic Games, although many historians do it. The 1906 Athens games were the first of a series of alternating games to be held in Athens, but the series failed to materialize. The games were more successful than the 1900 and 1904 games, with more than 900 athletes competing, and contributed positively to the success of the game in the future.
The 1908 London Games saw the number rise again, as well as the first marathon run above the present-standard distance of 42,195 km (26 miles 385 meters). The first Olympic Marathon in 1896 (a special race for men) was spurred at a distance of 40 km (24 miles 85 yards). The new marathon distance is chosen to ensure that the race is completed in front of the box occupied by the British royal family. Thus the marathon has been 40 km (24.9 mi) for the first game in 1896, but then varies up to 2 km (1.2 mi) due to local conditions such as streets and stadiums. In six Olympic games between 1900 and 1920, marathons were spurred for six different distances.
At the end of the 1908 marathon, Italian runner Dorando Pietri first entered the stadium, but he was clearly in trouble, and fainted from exhaustion before he could finish the event. He was assisted at the finish line by concerned officials, but then he was disqualified and a gold medal awarded to John Hayes, who had followed him for about 30 seconds.
The Olympics continued to grow, attracting 2,504 competitors, to Stockholm in 1912, including the all-powerful Jim Thorpe, who won nearhlon and pentathlon. Thorpe had previously played some baseball games for a fee, and saw his medals stripped for violation of amateurism after complaints from Avery Brundage. They were restored in 1983, 30 years after his death. The Olympics in Stockholm was the first to meet the original idea of ​​Pierre de Coubertin. For the first time since the Olympics began in 1896 the five inhabited continents are represented with athletes competing in the same stadium.
1916 Summer Olympics scheduled to be canceled after World War I.
Interwar era
The war-torn Antwerp 1920 Antwerp match is a quiet affair, but once again attracts a large number of competitors. The record only stood until 1924, when the Paris Olympics involved 3,000 competitors, the largest of which was the Finnish runner Paavo Nurmi. "Flying Finn" won three team gold medals and each of 1,500 and 5,000 meters, the last two on the same day.
The 1928 Amsterdam game is famous for being the first game that allows women to compete in tracks & amp; field athletics, and benefited greatly from common prosperity at the same time as the first sponsorship of the game, from Coca-Cola Company. The 1928 game saw the introduction of a standard medal design with the IOC choosing Giuseppe Cassioli's portrayal of the Greek goddess Nike and the winners brought by the crowd. This design was used until 1972.
The 1932 Los Angeles game was influenced by the Great Depression, which contributed to the low number of competitors (the fewest since the St. Louis game).
The 1936 Berlin Olympics was seen by the German government as a golden opportunity to promote their ideology. The ruling Nazi party commissioned filmmaker Leni Riefenstahl to film the game. The result, Olympia , is widely regarded as a masterpiece, although Hitler's theory of Aryan racist superiorism is repeatedly displayed by "non-Aryan" athletes. In particular, African-American sprinter and long jumper Jesse Owens won four gold medals. The 1936 Berlin Olympics also saw the Torch Relay reintroduction.
Due to World War II, the 1940 Games (scheduled to be held in Tokyo and temporarily moved to Helsinki after the outbreak of the war) were canceled. The 1944 Olympics are scheduled to be held in London but also canceled; on the contrary, London hosted the first game after the end of the war, in 1948.
After World War II
The first post-war match was held in 1948 in London, with Germany and Japan excluded. Dutch Sprinter Fanny Blankers-Koen won four golds on the track, mimicking Owens' achievements in Berlin.
At the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki, the Soviet team competed for the first time and soon became one of the dominant teams (the second finish in the number of gold medals and overall win). Soviet success could soon be explained by the emergence of state-sponsored "state-sponsored amateur athletes". The Soviet Union entered a team of athletes who were all students, soldiers, or working in the profession, but many of them were in fact paid by the state to be trained on a full-time basis, in violation of amateur rules. Finland made the legend of a friendly Cekoslovak army lieutenant named Emil ZÃÆ'¡topek, who intended to increase his gold and silver medal from 1948. After winning the 10,000 and 5,000 meters race, he also entered the marathon, despite having never previously ran at that distance. Pacing himself by chatting with other leaders, Zacopop led from about halfway, slowly dropping the remaining competitors to win by two and a half minutes, and finish the trio of victories.
The Melbourne Olympics in 1956 was largely successful, except for the water polo match between Hungary and the Soviet Union, which the Soviet invasion of Hungary terminated due to a fierce battle between the two teams. Due to the plague of mouth and nail disease in England at the time and the strict Australian quarantine law, a riding event was held in Stockholm.
At the 1960 Rome Olympics, a light heavyweight boxer named Cassius Clay, later known as Muhammad Ali, arrived at the scene. Ali then threw away his gold medal in disgust after denying his service at a white specialty restaurant in his hometown of Louisville, Kentucky. He was awarded a new medal 36 years later at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta. Other actors of note in 1960 included Wilma Rudolph, gold medalist in the event 100 meters, 200 meters and 4 ÃÆ'â € "100 meter relay.
The 1964 game held in Tokyo is famous for touting the modern era of telecommunications. The game is the first to be broadcast worldwide on television, made possible by the emergence of recent communications satellites. The 1964 game represents a turning point in global visibility and Olympic popularity. Judo made his debut as an official sport, and Dutch judoka Anton Geesink created a furore as he won the open weight division finals, beating Akio Kaminaga in front of his home crowd.
The show at Mexico City in 1968 was influenced by the height of the host city, especially the long jump, where American athlete Bob Beamon jumped 8.90 meters. Beamon's world record will last for 23 years. The 1968 Games also introduced the now-universal Fosbury flaps, a technique that won the high medal of Dick Fosbury American gold medal. Politics became the center of attention in the men's 200 meters hurdles, where Tommie Smith and John Carlos made a protest movement on the podium against segregation in the United States; Their political action was condemned in the Olympic Movement, but was praised in the Black Power movement. V? Ra? ÃÆ'¡slavskÃÆ'¡, in protest against a Soviet-led Soviet invasion in 1968 and a controversial decision by judges on the Balancing Balance and Floor, turned his head and away from the Soviet flag while the national anthem was played during the medal ceremony. He returned home as a female hero of the Czechoslovak people, but was ostracized by a Soviet-dominated government.
Politics again intervened in Munich in 1972, with deadly consequences. A group of Palestinian terrorists named Black September invaded the Olympic village and entered the apartment of the Israeli delegation. They killed two Israelis and detained 9 others as hostages. The terrorists demand that Israel release many prisoners. When the Israeli government rejected their request, tension continued while negotiations continued. Eventually the kidnappers, still detaining their hostages, were offered a safe journey and taken to the airport, where they were ambushed by German security forces. In the shoot that followed, 15 people, including nine Israeli athletes and five from terrorists, were killed. After much debate, it was decided that the Olympics would continue, but the process was clearly dominated by these events. Some impressive athletic performances occurred during this Olympics, especially the victory of seven gold medals recorded by United swimmer Mark Spitz, Lasse VirÃÆ'Â n (from Finland) back-to-back gold at 5,000 meters and 10,000 meters (beating the distance of American running Steve Prefontaine was great in the former), and a triumph of three gold medals with 16-year-old Soviet gymnastics sensation Olga Korbut - who rattled the world with his historic backflip from the high bar. But Korbut failed to win the match, losing to team-mate Ludmilla Tourischeva.
There was no such tragedy in Montreal in 1976, but poor planning and fraud caused the Olympic cost far beyond the budget. The Montreal Olympics is the most expensive in Olympic history, until the 2014 Winter Olympics, costing more than $ 5 billion (equivalent to $ 20.64 billion by 2016). For a while, it seems the Olympics are no longer a viable financial proposition. In retrospect, the belief that the contractor (who is suspected of being a member of the Montreal Mafia) takes a large sum of money from all contract levels while also benefiting from the replacement of cheaper lower quality building materials, may have caused delays, poor construction and excessive costs. In 1988, one such contractor, Giuseppe Zappia "was acquitted of fraudulent charges resulting from his work at the Olympic facility after two key witnesses died before testifying at his trial." There is also a boycott by African nations to protest a recent tour of apartheid-run South Africa by New Zealand's national rugby team. Romanian gymnast, Nadia Com? Neci, winning women's individual gold medals with two of the four perfect scores possible, this gave birth to a gymnastics dynasty in Romania. He also won two other individual shows, with two perfect scores on the balance beam and all the perfect scores on the uneven bars. Lasse VirÃÆ'Â Â © n repeats his double gold at 5,000 meters and 10,000 meters, making him the first athlete to ever win double the double.
End of the 20th century
After the 1979 invasion of the Soviet Union in Afghanistan, 66 countries, including the United States, Canada, West Germany, and Japan, boycotted the 1980 match held in Moscow. Eighty countries are represented at the Moscow Olympics - the smallest number since 1956. The boycott contributed to the less-publicized and less competitive 1980 Olympics, dominated by the host country.
In 1984 the Soviet Union and 13 Soviet allies responded by boycotting the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Romania, in particular, was one of the countries in the Eastern Bloc who attended the 1984 Olympics. These games were probably the first game of a new era to make a profit. Although the Soviet-led boycott spent time in certain sports, 140 National Olympic Committees took part, which was a record at the time. Again, without the participation of Eastern European countries, the 1984 Olympics were dominated by their host country. The Olympics is also the first time China mainland (People's Republic) participated.
According to British journalist Andrew Jennings, a KGB colonel claimed that the agency officer had acted as an IOC's anti-doping authority to undermine the doping test and that Soviet athletes were "saved with extraordinary efforts." On the topic of the 1980 Summer Olympics, a 1989 Australian study said "There are hardly any medal winners at the Moscow Olympics, certainly not a gold medal winner, not on one kind of drug or other: typically some kind." Moscow Games may also be called Game of Chemists. "
The document obtained in 2016 reveals the Soviet Union's plan for a statewide doping system on track and field in preparation for the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles. Dated before the country's decision to boycott the Olympics, the document details the steroid operations that existed in the program, along with suggestions for further improvement. Communications, directed to the heads of tracks and fields of the Soviet Union, prepared by Dr. Sergei Portugalov from the Institute of Physical Culture. Portugalov is also one of the main figures involved in the implementation of Russian doping programs before the 2016 Summer Olympics.
The 1988 game, in Seoul, was very well planned but the games were tarnished when many athletes, especially the Ben Johnson man's 100 meters winner, failed a mandatory test of drugs. Despite a good drug-free show by many, the number of people who fail to screen for chemicals that improve performance overshadow the game.
The 1992 Barcelona Games featured increased professionalism among Olympic athletes, exemplified by the US basketball team "Dreams". The 1992 game also saw a reintroduction to the Olympics of several smaller European countries that had been incorporated into the Soviet Union since World War II. The game also sees gymnasts Vitaly Scherbo matching the record for most individual gold medals in one Game set by Eric Heiden at the 1980 Winter Olympics, with five.
At that time the process of selecting locations for the Olympics itself became a commercial concern; there are many allegations of corruption that could potentially affect the IOC decision process. In Atlanta's 1996 game, the climax was a 200-meter runner Michael Johnson wiping out the world record in front of the home crowd. The Canadians enjoy a record of Donovan Bailey's gold medal in a 100-meter run. It is popularly perceived as appropriate compensation for the previous national disgrace involving Ben Johnson. There were also emotional scenes, such as Muhammad Ali, clearly influenced by Parkinson's disease, lighting an Olympic torch and receiving a substitute medal for being dumped in 1960. The latter event was not in the boxing ring but in the arena basketball, at the request of US television. The atmosphere in the Olympics was damaged, when a bomb exploded during a celebration at Centennial Olympic Park. In June 2003, the main suspect in the bombing, Eric Robert Rudolph, was arrested.
Start of the 21st century
The 2000 Summer Olympics was held in Sydney, Australia, and showcased individual performances by local favorite Ian Thorpe in the pool, British rider Steve Redgrave who won a rowing gold medal in the unprecedented fifth Olympics, and Cathy Freeman, a Native Australia whose victory at 400 meters brings together a crowded stadium. Eric "the Eel" Moussambani, swimmer from Equatorial Guinea, received extensive media coverage when he finished the 100 meters freestyle so far as the slowest time in Olympic history. He still won the heat because both of his opponents had been disqualified for a false start. Her female counterpart Paula Barila Bolopa also gained media attention for her slow and struggling performance, but also her courage. The Sydney Games also saw the first appearance of North and South Korean contingents at the opening ceremony, though they competed as different countries. Controversy occurred in the Artistic Women's Gymnastics, when the dome horse was set to the wrong height during the All Around Competition. Some athletes faltered, including Russian Svetlana Khorkina, who has been favored to win gold after qualifying for the competition in first place.
In 2004, the Olympics returned to their birthplace in Athens, Greece. Greece spent at least $ 7.2 billion for the Games, including $ 1.5 billion in security. Michael Phelps won his first medal in the Olympics which scored six gold and 2 bronze medals. Pyrros Dimas, won a bronze medal, became the most decorated all-time lifting iron with 3 gold and 1 bronze medals at the Olympics. Although unfounded reports about the potential of terrorism push the crowd away from the preliminary competition in the first weekend of the match (14-15 August), attendance increases as the game progresses. A third of the tickets failed to sell, but ticket sales still outnumbered Seoul and the Barcelona Olympics. IOC President Jacques Rogge marked the Greek organization as extraordinary and his security measures as flawless. The Athens Games watched all 202 NOCs participate with more than 11,000 participants.
The 2008 Summer Olympics was held in Beijing, People's Republic of China. Several new events are being held, including the new discipline of BMX for men and women. For the first time, women compete in stolen leaps. The fencing program is expanded to include all six events for men and women. Women previously could not compete in foil or saber teams, although women's and men's teams were thwarted for this Olympics. Marathon swim events, over 10 km (6.2 miles), were added. In addition, the double event in table tennis was replaced by a team event. American swimmer Michael Phelps scored a gold medal record in one game with eight, and hooks a record of most gold medals by a competitor previously held by Heiden and Scherbo. Other major Olympic stars are Jamaican sprinter Usain Bolt, who became the first male athlete to ever set a world record in the finals of 100 and 200 meters at the same Olympics. Horse riding events are held in Hong Kong.
London hosted the 2012 Summer Olympics, becoming the first city to host the Olympics three times. In his closing remarks Jacques Rogge describes the Games as "Happy and Glorious". The host country won 29 golds, the best distance for England since the 1908 Olympics in London. The United States returned to the top of the medal table after China dominated in 2008. The IOC has removed baseball and soft ball from the program of 2012. On a commercial level, Games succeeded because they were the first in history to actually sell every ticket, with as many as 1 million applications for 40,000 tickets for both the Opening Ceremony and the Men's 100m Sprint Finals. That is the demand for tickets to all levels of each event, there was controversy when seats were set aside for sponsors and the National Delegation was not used in the early days. A reallocation system was enacted so empty seats were filled throughout the Olympics.
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil hosted the 2016 Summer Olympics, became the third city in the Southern Hemisphere to host the Olympics after Melbourne, Australia, in 1956 and Sydney, Australia, in 2000, and the first South American city to host home of the Olympics. The preparations for the Games are overshadowed by controversy, including the instability of the Brazilian federal government; the economic crisis of the country; health and safety concerns surrounding Zika virus and significant pollution in Guanabara Gulf; and a state-sponsored doping scandal involving Russia, which affects the participation of its athletes in the Olympics. Tokyo, Japan will host the 2020 Summer Olympics, making it the first Asian city to host the Olympics twice.
Sports
Forty-two different sports, covering 55 different disciplines, have become part of the Olympic program at one point or another. Twenty-eight sports consisted of schedules for the last three games, 2000, 2004, and the 2008 Summer Olympics. Due to the removal of baseball and softball, there were a total of twenty-six sports at the 2012 Olympics.
The various Olympic Sports Federations are grouped under a common umbrella association, called the International Olympic Association (ASOIF) International Federation.
Qualification
The qualification rules for each Olympic sport are defined by the International Sports Federation (IF) that governs the international competition of the sport.
For individual sports, competitors are usually eligible by reaching a specific place in major international events or on the IF ranking list. There is a general rule that a maximum of three individual athletes may represent each country per competition. The National Olympic Committee (NOC) may include a limited number of competitors in each event, and the NOC decides eligible competitors to be elected as representatives in each event if more have reached the benchmark than can be entered.
The countries most often qualify for team sports teams through continental qualifying tournaments, where each continental association is given a number of places in the Olympic tournament. Each country can be represented by no more than one team per competition; the team only consists of two people in some sports.
Popularity of the Olympic Games
Summer Olympic sports are divided into five categories (A - E) by popularity, measured by six criteria: television viewing rate (40%), internet popularity (20%), public survey (15%), ticket demand (10%), press coverage (10%), and number of national federations (5%). The sports category determines the share of Olympic revenue received by the International Federation of the sport. The new sport at the 2016 Olympics (rugby and golf) has been placed in Category E.
Current categories are:
Ten most successful countries
The table below uses official data provided by the IOC.
Summer Olympic List
Note: Although the 1916, 1940 and 1944 Games are canceled, the Roman numbers for the Games are still counted because the official Summer Olympic title refers to the Olympiad, not the Games amount, per the Olympic Charter. This is in stark contrast to the Winter Olympics, which ignore the 1940 Winter Games & amp; 1944 in their numerical count.
See also
References
External links
- Official Site of the Olympic Movement
- Prospective City for next Olympics
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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