Auxiliary verb

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The verb auxiliary is a verb that adds functional or grammatical meaning to the clause in which it appears, such as to express tense, aspect , modalities, sounds, emphases, etc. Auxiliary verbs usually accompany the main verb. The main verb provides the main semantic content of the clause. An example is a verb having in the sentence I have finished my dinner. Here, the main verb is done , and the help help to express the perfect aspect. Some sentences contain a chain of two or more auxiliary verbs. Auxiliary verbs are also called helping verb , auxiliary verb , or (oral) helper .

Video Auxiliary verb

Basic example

Below are a few sentences containing a representative auxiliary verbs of English, Spanish, German, and French, with additional verbs marked in bold:

a. Do Do you want tea? - do is a helper accompanying the main verb want , used here to form questions - see do -support.

b. He has provided everything. - has is the tool used to express the perfect aspect give .

c. He cogido tu lÃÆ'¡piz. - he is a helper accompanying the main verb coger , used here to form a compound verb, the perfect gift of the verb coger .

(I) have taken your pencil = 'I have taken your pencil.'

d. Das wurde mehrmals gesagt. - wurde 'to' is a tool used to build a passive voice in German.

That being said repeatedly = 'It has been said many times. '

e. Sie ist nach Hause gegangen. - ist 'is' is a helper used with motion verbs to build a perfect tense in German.

He goes home = 'She's home/He's home. '

f. J ' ai vu le soleil. - ai 'have' is a tool used to build a perfect tense in French.

I have seen the sun = 'I have seen the sun/I see the sun. '

f. Nous sommes hÃÆ' Â © bergÃÆ' Â © s par un ami. - sommes 'are' is a tool used to build a passive voice in French.

We are hosted by a friend.

This help helps reveal questions, show tense/aspect, or form a passive voice. Complements like this usually appear with full verbs that carry the main semantic content of the clause.

Maps Auxiliary verb

Nature of cross language

Auxiliary verbs usually help express tense grammar, aspect, mood, and sound. They generally appear along with the main verb. Auxiliary is said to "help" the main verb. The auxiliary verbs of the language form a closed class, that is, there is a fixed, relatively small number of them. They are often among the most common verbs in the language.

A widely acknowledged verb that can serve as a helper in English and many related languages ​​is equivalent from to to express passive voice, and have (and sometimes become >) to express the perfect aspect or reference of the past tense.

In some treatments, copula being is classified as auxiliary even though it does not "help" other verbs, for example,

The bird is there in the tree. - is serves as a copula with a predictive expression that does not contain other verbs.

The definition of auxiliary verbs is not always consistent across languages, or even among authors discussing the same language. The verb capital may or may not be classified as a helper, depending on the language. In the case of English, the verb is often identified as a helper based on their grammatical behavior, as described below. In some cases, a verb that functions similar to a helper, but is not considered a full member of that class (perhaps because they carry some independent lexical information), called semi-helpers . In France, for example, verbs like devoir (must), pouvoir (can), aller (go to), vouloir (want), faire (make), and laisser (let), when used in conjunction with other infinitive verbs, may be called semi-helpers.

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In English

The following sections consider auxiliary verbs in English. They list additional verbs, then present diagnostics that motivate this particular class (subject inversion-aids and negations with no ). Capital verbs are included in this class, due to their behavior with respect to this diagnostic.

List of auxiliaries in English

A list of verbs that (may) serve as assistants in English is as follows:

be ( i , is , is , is , is , being , already ), can , be , dare , do ( do , do ), have ( have , have , own ), maybe , maybe , must , need , should , be , must , be , be >

The brave , necessary (not) , and should (to) statuses are still debatable and the use of this verb as a helper can vary between English dialects. If the negative form can not , not , will not , etc. Seen as a separate verb (and not as a contraction), the number of helper increases. The verbs do and have can also serve as full verbs or as light verbs, which can be a source of confusion about their status. The capital verb ( can , be , maybe , maybe , must , < I have to , must , be , be , and brave , necessary and should be entered) form a subclass of auxiliary verbs. Capital verbs are damaged so long as they can not be inflected, nor appear as gerunds, infinitives, or participles.

The following table summarizes the auxiliary verbs in standard English and the contribution of meaning to clauses in which they appear. Many auxiliary verbs are listed more than once in the table based on visible usage differences.

Deontic modalities reveal the capabilities, needs, or obligations associated with the subject of the agent. Epistemic modalities reveal the speaker's assessment of reality or the possibility of reality. Distinguishing between two types of modalities can be difficult, because many sentences contain a capital verb that allows both interpretations.

Diagnostics to identify help verbs in English

Verbs listed in the previous section can be classified as a helper based on two diagnostics: they allow the subject-specific inversion (the type of inversion used to form questions, etc.) and (equivalently) they can take not as postdependent (dependency that follows his head). The following examples illustrate the extent to which the subject-assisted inversion can occur with additional verbs but not with full verbs:

a. He works today.

b. Did he work today? - The help verb is enabling additional-subject inversion.

a. He works today.

b. * Succeed him today? - The full verb works does not allow the subject-specific inversion.

a. He can see it.

b. Can she see her? - The help verbs can allow additional-subject inversion.

a. He saw it .

b. * See him it? - The full verb view does not allow the subject-specific inversion.

(The * asterisks are the means commonly used in linguistics to show that the examples are not grammatically acceptable or that certain constructs have never been proven to be used.) The following example illustrates that negotiable can appear as a postdependent of limited auxiliary verbs, but not as full dependence of full-fledged verbs:

a. Sam will try it.

b. Sam will not give it a try. - Rejection not appears as postdependent of the limited tool will .

a. Sam tried it.

b. * Sam tried not it. - Negation not can not appear as a postdependent of full finite verbs try .

a. Tom can help.

b. Tom can help not . - Rejection not appears as postdependent from limited tools can .

a. Tom helps.

b. * Tom helps no . - Negate not can not appear as a postdependent of a limited full verb help .

A third diagnosis that can be used to identify auxiliary verbs is the ellipsis of a verb phrase. Auxiliary verbs may introduce ellipsis of the verb phrase, but the main verb can not. See the article in the ellipsis verb phrase for an example.

This criterion leads to copula being and non-copular use being as an existential verb perceived as a helper (it undergoes inversion and takes postdependent not , for example, Is he the boss? , He is not the boss , Is there a God? , There is a God ). However, if someone defines a help verb as a verb that somehow "assists" another verb, then copula becomes is not a helper, because it appears without another verb. The literature on auxiliary verbs is somewhat inconsistent in this area.

There are also some properties that some but not all auxiliary verbs have. Their presence can be used to conclude that a verb is a helper, but their absence does not guarantee the opposite. One such property is having the same shape in the present time form, also for the first and third individual singular. This is especially typical for additional capital verbs, such as will and should . (Example: He will come tomorrow , he has to do it all at once , not he wants or he should .)

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Vs. light verb

Some syntacticians distinguish between auxiliary verbs and light verbs. Both are similar insofar as both types of verbs contribute mainly only functional information to the clause in which they appear. Therefore both do not qualify as separate predicates, but they are part of the predicate with other expressions - usually with full verbs in the case of auxiliary verbs and usually with nouns in the case of a verb light.

In English, the verb light is different from the auxiliary verbs in that they can not undergo inversion and they can not take not as postdependent. The verb has and do can serve as a help verb or as a light verb (or as a full verb). When they are light verbs, they fail in inversion and diagnostic negation for helpers, eg.

a. They have long meetings.

b. * Do have a long meeting? - The light verb has failed in the inversion test.

c. * They no are not long meetings. - The light verb has failed the negation test.

a. He did reports about wandering politicians.

b. * Did he get a report about a wandering politician? - A mild verb perform fails in the inversion test.

c. * He do is not a report about the wandering politician. - Minor verbs perform failed in the negation test.

(In some cases, though, has may have inverse-type inversions and negations even when not used as additional verbs - see Additional inversions Ã,§ Reversal with other verb types.)

Sometimes the differences between auxiliary verbs and verbs are neglected or confused. Certain verbs (for example, used for , should , etc.) may be rated as light verbs by some authors but as helpers by others.

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Many enhancements

Most clauses contain at least one major verb, and they can contain zero, one, two, three, or perhaps even more. The following example contains three auxiliary verbs and one main verb:

Paper will be studied by Fred.

Auxiliary verbs are bolded and the main verb is underlined. Together these verbs form the verb catena (verb chain), that is, they are connected together in a hierarchy of structures and thus form a single syntactic unit. The main verb studied gives the semantic core the meaning of the sentence, where each additional verb contributes some functional meaning. A single limited clause can contain more than three auxiliary verbs, e.g.

Fred may be judged for been deceived by explanation.

Seeing this phrase as consisting of a single unlimited clause, there are five auxiliary verbs and two main verbs available. From the predicate standpoint, each of the main verbs is the core of the predicate, and the auxiliary verb contributes the functional meaning to this predicate. The verb catenae is a periphrastic form of English, English is a relatively analytic language. Other languages, like Latin, are synthetic, which means they tend to express functional meaning with affix instead of auxiliary verbs.

The combination of periphrastic verbs in the given example is now represented using the grammatical tree of sentence dependencies; catena verb green:

The particles to are included in the catena verbs because their use is often required with certain infinitives. The functional category hierarchy is always the same. The verb express reveals the modality appears just above the verb expressing the aspect, and the verb expressing the aspect appears just above the verb expressing the voice. The verb form for each combination is as follows:

English allows clause with perfect and progressive aspects. When this happens, the perfect aspect is superior to the progressive aspect, ie.

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See also

• Compound verb
• English verb
• Irregular verbs
• Atmosphere-aspect-tense

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Note

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References

Source of the article : Wikipedia