Eradication is a reduction in the prevalence of infectious diseases in the global parent population to zero. Sometimes confused with elimination, which illustrates either reducing the prevalence of infectious diseases in the regional population to zero, or reducing global prevalence to a negligible amount. Further confusion arises from the use of the term eradication to refer to the total elimination of the given pathogen of the individual (also known as infection cleaning), especially in the context of HIV and certain other viruses in which the drug is sought.
The selection of infectious diseases for eradication is based on strict criteria, because both biological and technical features determine whether pathogenic organisms (at least potentially) can be eradicated. Targeted organisms should not have non-human reservoirs (or, in the case of animal diseases, infectious reservoirs should be easily identifiable species, as in the case of rinderpest), and/or corroborate in the environment. This implies that sufficient information about the life cycle and the dynamics of transmission are available at the time of programmatic eradication initiatives. Efficient and practical interventions (such as vaccines or antibiotics) should be available to disrupt the transmission of infective agents. The study of measles in the pre-vaccination era led to the concept of critical community size, the size of the population under which pathogens stop circulating. Use of vaccination programs prior to the introduction of eradication campaigns can reduce the vulnerable population. Diseases that must be eradicated must be clearly identified, and an accurate diagnostic tool should be present. Economic considerations, as well as social and political support and commitment, are other important factors that determine eligibility for eradication.
Two infectious diseases have been successfully eradicated: smallpox and rinderpest. There are also four ongoing programs, targeting poliomyelitis, frambusia, dracunculiasis and malaria. Five other infectious diseases have been identified in April 2008 as potentially eradicated by current technology by the International Task Force Carter Center for Combating Diseases - measles, mumps, rubella, lymphatic filariasis and cysticercosis.
Video Eradication of infectious diseases
Eliminate disease
So far, two diseases have been successfully eradicated - one that specifically affects humans (smallpox), and one that affects various ruminants (rinderpest).
Smallpox
Smallpox is the first disease, and so far the only human transmitted disease, which must be eradicated by deliberate intervention. This became the first existing vaccine-effective disease in 1798 when Edward Jenner demonstrated the protective effect of human inoculation (vaccination) with matter from cowpox lesions.
Smallpox (variola) occurs in two clinical varieties: variola major , with mortality rates up to 40 percent, and variola minor , also known as alastrim, with a mortality rate of less than 1 percent. The last natural case of Variola major was diagnosed in October 1975 in Bangladesh. The last known case of smallpox ( Variola minor ) was diagnosed on 26 October 1977, at Ali Maow Maalin, in Merca District, Somalia. The source of this case is a known outbreak in the nearby district of Kurtuware. All 211 contacts are tracked, vaccinated, and kept under surveillance.
After a two-year detailed analysis of the global record of global pox removal was certified by the international commission of smallpox and medical scientists on December 9, 1979, and was endorsed by the General Assembly of the World Health Organization on May 8, 1980. However, there is an ongoing controversy regarding continued storage smallpox virus by laboratories in the US and Russia, as any deliberate or intentional release can create a new epidemic for people born after or in the late 1980s owing to the cessation of vaccinations against smallpox virus.
Rinderpest
During the twentieth century, there was a series of campaigns to combat rinderpest, a viral disease that infects cows and other ruminants and includes families similar to measles, especially through the use of live attenuated vaccines. The last successful campaign led by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. On October 14, 2010, without a nine-year diagnosis, the Food and Agriculture Organization announced that the disease had been completely eradicated, making this the first livestock disease (and so far the only one) had been eradicated by human effort.
Maps Eradication of infectious diseases
Global eradication is running
Poliomyelitis (polio)
The dramatic reduction of poliomyelitis events in industrialized countries followed the development of vaccines in the 1950s. In 1960, Czechoslovakia became the first certified country to have eliminated polio.
In 1988, the World Health Organization (WHO), Rotary International, the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) passed the Global Polio Eradication Initiative. The goal is to eradicate polio in 2000. The updated strategic plan for 2004-2008 expects to achieve global eradication by disrupting the transmission of the polio virus, using routine immunization strategies, additional immunization campaigns, and possible surveillance of outbreaks. WHO estimates that global savings from eradication, due to forgotten care and disability costs, could exceed one billion US dollars per year.
The following regions of the world have been declared polio free:
- The Americas (1994)
- Western Indo-Pacific (1997)
- Europe (1998)
- Western Pacific Region, including China (2000)
- Southeast Asia (2014), including India
The lowest prevalence of annual wild polio seen so far is in 2017, with only 22 cases reported, although there are more reported cases (including inactivated cases of circulating vaccines) than in 2016, primarily due to reporting of cases which revealed a vaccine that was propagated in Syria. , where it may have been circulated, but not reported, probably because of a civil war. Only two or three countries remain where the transmission of polio virus may never be interrupted: Pakistan, Afghanistan, and possibly Nigeria. (No cases have been caused by strains of polio virus in Nigeria since August 2016, although cVDPV2 was detected in environmental samples by 2017.) Nigeria has been removed from the WHO polio-endemic country list in September 2015 but added back in 2016, and India was removed in 2014 after no new cases were reported for one year.
On September 20, 2015, the World Health Organization announced that wild-type polio virus 2 has been eradicated worldwide, since it has not been seen since 1999. Wild 3-type polio virus can also be eradicated since it has not been seen since 2012, leaving only wild polio virus. type 1 and circulating polio-derived type 2 vaccines circulating in some isolated bags, with all cases of wild polio after August 2016 in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
Dracunculiasis
Dracunculiasis, also called Guinea worm disease, is a painful and paralyzing parasitic disease caused by a worm, Dracunculus medinensis . This is spread through drinking water consumption which is full of drepus copepods Dracunculus . The Carter Center has led efforts to eradicate the disease, along with the CDC, WHO, UNICEF, and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation.
Unlike diseases such as smallpox and polio, there is no vaccine or drug therapy for guinea worms. Eradication efforts have been based on safer drinking water supplies (eg by providing drilled wells, or through water treatment with larvicides), on the detention of infections and in education for safe drinking water practices. These strategies have generated much success: two decades of eradication efforts have reduced the global incidence of guinea worm to 22 cases by 2015, after which cases increased to 25 cases by 2016, and 30 cases by 2017, but this is still down from the forecast 3.5 million in 1986. Success has been slower than expected - the original goal for eradication was 1995. WHO has certified 180 countries free of disease, and only three countries - Southern Sudan, Ethiopia and Chad - reported cases of guinea worms in 2016, and only two - Ethiopia and Chad - by 2017. In 2010, the WHO estimates it will be "a few years away" before eradication is achieved, on the basis that it takes 6-12 years for countries so far abolished the transmission of guinea worms to do so after reporting the number of cases similar to those reported by Sudan in 2009. The number of cases at year un 2016 (25) is less than 1% of the total in 2009, so real progress has been made towards this prediction. However, the last 1% may be the most severe, and cases have increased from 2015 (22) to 2017 (30). These worms can infect dogs, domestic cats and baboons and humans, complicating eradication efforts.
Yaws
Frambusia is a rarely fatal but highly destructive disease caused by spiral bacteria (spirochete) Treponema pallidum pertenue, close relative of the syphilis bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum, is spread through skin contact with infectious lesions. The global prevalence of this disease and other endemic treponematoses, bejel and pinta, was reduced by the Global Control of Treponematoses (TCP) program between 1952 and 1964 from about 50 million cases to about 2.5 million (95% reduction). However, after the discontinuation of this program the disease remains at a low prevalence in parts of Asia, Africa and America with sporadic outbreaks. According to the official WHO 2012 roadmap, elimination should be achieved by 2020. Yaws is currently targeted by the WHO's Southeast Asia Regional Office for the elimination of the remaining endemic countries in the region (India, Indonesia and East Timor) by 2010, and so far , it appears to have met some successes, since no case has ever been seen in India since 2004. The discovery that oral antibiotics azithromycin can be used as a substitute for the previous standard penicillin, injected, tested on Lihir Island from 2013 to 2014; Single oral doses of macrolide antibiotics reduced the prevalence of the disease from 2.4% to 0.3% at 12 months. The campaign is in the early stages of 2013, still collecting data on disease incidents and planning a large-scale medical campaign in Cameroon, Ghana, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu.
Malaria
Malaria has been removed from most of Europe, North America, Australia, North Africa and the Caribbean, and parts of South America, Asia and South Africa. WHO defines elimination because it has no domestic transmission for the past three years. They also define the "elimination stage" when a country is on the verge of eliminating malaria, since less than one case per 1000 people is at risk per year. According to WHO World Malaria Report 2011, 28 countries have declared eliminate malaria. Eight countries seem to be malaria-free but steps still need to be taken to ensure they do not rebuild the contagion. Nine countries are in the elimination phase and eight pre-elimination stages (less than 5 cases per 1000 risk people per year).
In 1955 WHO launched the Global Malaria Removal Program (GMEP). Support was reduced, and the program was discontinued in 1969. Since 2000, support for eradication has increased. According to World Malaria Report 2015, the global death rate for malaria fell by 60% between 2000 and 2015. WHO aims to achieve a further 90% reduction between 2015 and 2030. Bill Gates believes that global eradication is possible by 2040.
Regional deletion set or last
Some diseases have been eliminated from large areas of the world, and/or are currently being targeted for regional elimination. This is sometimes described as "eradication", although technically this term only applies when it is achieved on a global scale. Even after regional elimination is successful, interventions are often necessary to continue to prevent disease from becoming established. The three diseases listed here (lymphatic filariasis, measles, and rubella) are among the diseases believed to be potentially eradicated by the International Task Force for Disease Eradication, and if successful, the regional elimination program may not prove a stepping-stone for future global eradication. program.
This section does not include elimination where it is used to mean a tight control program to reduce the burden of infectious disease or other health problems to a level where they may be considered to have little impact on public health, such as leprosy, tetanus neonatal, or obstetric fistula campaign.
Hookworm
In North American countries, such as the United States, hookworm removal has been achieved due to scientific progress. The Rockefeller Foundation mining worm campaign in 1920 should focus on eradicating hookworm infection for those living in Mexico and other rural areas. However, the campaign was politically influenced, causing it to be less successful, and areas like Mexico still handle this infection from parasitic worms. The use of health campaigns by political leaders for political and economic gain has been called the paradox of political science.
Lymphatic filariasis
Lymphatic filariasis is an infection of the lymph system by microfilaria worms carried by mosquitoes that can cause elephantiasis. Studies have shown that transmission of infection can be solved when a single dose of combined oral drugs is consistently maintained annually for approximately seven years. The strategy to eliminate the transmission of lymphatic filariasis is the mass distribution of drugs that kill microfilariae and stop the transmission of parasites by mosquitoes in endemic communities. In sub-Saharan Africa, albendazole is used with ivermectin to treat disease, whereas in other parts of the world albendazole is used with diethylcarbamazine. Using a combination of treatments better reduces the number of microfilariae in the blood. Avoiding mosquito bites, such as using mosquito-treated mosquito nets with insecticides, also reduces transmission of lymphatic filariasis. In America, & gt; 90% of the load of lymphatic filariasis exists on the island of Hispaniola (consisting of Haiti and the Dominican Republic). The elimination efforts to address this are currently underway alongside the above-described malaria efforts; The Dominican Republic expects to eliminate seven remaining focuses in 2010, but lymphatic filariasis still infects 110 of 140 communes in Haiti.
In October 2008, the Global Program's effort to Eliminate LF is estimated to have prevented 6.6 million new filariasis cases from developing in children, and has halted disease progression in another 9.5 million people who have contracted it. Overall, of 83 endemic countries, mass treatment has been launched at 48, and deletion of reported transmissions is achieved at 21.
Measles
Five of the six WHO regions had a goal of eliminating measles, and at the 63rd World Health Assembly in May 2010, delegates agreed to move towards an eventual eradication, even though no specific global target dates had been agreed. The United States set a goal in 1994 to eliminate the transmission of measles and rubella in 2000, and managed to achieve regional measles elimination in 2002, although occasionally there has been a small outbreak of import cases since then. Europe has set a goal to eliminate the transmission of measles in 2010, but is hindered by the MMR vaccine controversy and by low uptake in certain groups, and despite reaching a low level in 2008, European countries have experienced a minor revival in the case. They have set new targets 2015. The Eastern Mediterranean also has a goal to eliminate measles in 2010 (later revised to 2015), the Western Pacific aims to eliminate the disease in 2012, and in 2009 the African regional committee approved the goal of elimination of measles by 2020 In May 2010, only the Southeast Asian region had not set a target date for elimination of measles transmission.
In 2005, a global target was agreed to a 90% reduction in measles deaths in 2010 from 757,000 deaths in 2000; the forecast for 2008 showed a 78% drop so far to 164,000 deaths. However, some have been encouraged to try global eradication. This was updated at the World Health Assembly 2010 for a 95% reduction in targeted mortality by 2015, alongside special vaccinations and structural targets, and in a meeting in November 2010, the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization "concluded that measles can and should be eradicated". A study of the cost of injury eradicated compared to the cost of maintaining unlimited control was commissioned in 2009 by WHO and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. By 2013, measles death globally drops to 145,700.
Until mid-2013, elimination of measles in many areas stalled. "This year, measles and rubella epidemics occur in many areas of the world where people do not have immunity to this virus.The reasons people are not vaccinated range from lack of access to vaccines in unsafe areas, poor health systems, to rejection vaccines. need to address each of these challenges if we are to meet the global elimination goals of measles and rubella, "said Dr. Myrna Charles of the American Red Cross, as reported in a post on Measles and Rubella Initiative blog. Looking at the WHO epidemiological chart of measles over time from 2008-2013 shows that, with a little over two years to go to 2015, measles cases in 2013 move in the wrong direction, with more cases this year than at the point same. in 2012 or 2011.
During 2014 there are 23 outbreaks of measles in the United States and more than 600 individual cases, which is the highest seen in decades. By 2015 the US has had a large measles outbreak coming from a California theme park from a virus variant circulating in the Philippines in 2014. Of these there are 113 individual cases of measles and one death (out of a total of 189 cases). case in the US by 2015).
The WHO of the United States says on September 27, 2016 it has eliminated measles. The last confirmed case of endemic measles in America is in Brazil in July 2015. May 2017 sees a return of measles to the US after an outbreak in Minnesota among unvaccinated children.
Rubella
The WHO region of America declared April 29, 2015 has removed rubella and congenital rubella syndrome. The last confirmed case of rubella in America was in Argentina in February 2009.
WHO Europe region lost its 2010 elimination target due to undervaccination in Central and Western Europe; it has set a new goal 2015.
The disease is still problematic in other areas; in Japan, there are 15,000 cases by 2013.
Onchocerciasis
Onchocerciasis (river blindness) is the second leading cause of blindness in the world. This is due to the onchocerca volvulus nematodes, which are transmitted to people through the bite of a black fly. Elimination of the disease is ongoing in the Americas, where the disease is endemic in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, Mexico, and Venezuela. The main tool used is ivermectin mass treatment. If successful, the only remaining endemic sites are in Africa and Yemen. In Africa, it is estimated that more than 102 million people in 19 countries are at a high risk of onchocerciasis infection, and in 2008, 56.7 million people in 15 countries received ivermectin-directed treatment. Since adopting such treatment measures in 1997, the Africa Program for Onchocerciasis Supervision reported reductions in the prevalence of onchocerciasis in countries under its mandate from the 46.5% pre-intervention rate in 1995 to 28.5% in 2008. Some African countries, such as Uganda, also attempted the successful deletion and elimination reported in 2009 from two endemic foci in Mali and Senegal.
On July 29, 2013, the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) announced that after 16 years of efforts, Colombia has become the first country in the world to abolish the onchocerciasis parasite disease.
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE ) and a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD)
Following the epidemic of vCJD in the UK in the 1990s, there have been campaigns to eliminate BSE in cattle across the EU and beyond which seem to have achieved a large reduction in the number of livestock with this disease. The case of vCJD has also fallen since then, for example from an annual summit of 29 cases in 2000 to 5 cases in 2008 and zero in 2012. However, since then 2 cases have been reported in 2013 and 2014: 2 in France; 1 in the United Kingdom; and 1 in the United States.
Following ongoing eradication efforts, only 7 BSE cases were reported worldwide in 2013: 3 in the UK; 2 in France; 1 in Ireland; and 1 in Poland. This is the lowest number of cases since at least 1988. In 2015 there are at least 6 reported cases (3 of the atypical Hypnotics).
Syphilis
In 2015, Cuba became the world's first country to eliminate mother-to-child syphilis. By 2017 the WHO states that Antigua And Barbuda, Saint Kitts And Nevis and four British Foreign Territories Anguilla, Bermuda, Cayman Islands and Montserrat have been certified that they have ended the transmission of maternal and child syphilis.
Rabies
Since rabies viruses are almost always caught from animals, rabies eradication has been focused on reducing wild and wild populations of animals, mandatory control and quarantine in animals entering the country, and vaccinating pets and wild animals. Many island countries, including Iceland, Ireland, Japan, Malta, and the United Kingdom, succeeded in eliminating rabies during the 20th century, and recently many continents of Europe have been declared rabies free.
Other removable diseases
As far as animal diseases are concerned, rinderpest has now been branded, many experts believe that ruminants ruminant ruminants (PPR) is the next disease that can be overcome with global eradication. Also known as an outbreak of goat or ovine rinderpest, PPR is a highly contagious viral disease of goats and sheep characterized by fever, painful injuries in the mouth, tongue and legs, diarrhea, pneumonia and death, especially in young animals. This is due to the virus of the genus Morbillivirus associated with the rinderpest, measles and dog distemper.
See also
- The Remedy for the Neglected Illness Initiative
- Globalization and disease
- List of diseases removed from the United States
- Neglected tropical diseases
- Planned extinction
- Sanitation
References
External links
- The International Task Force Carter Center for Disease Eradication
- Polio removal page
- WHO homepage
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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