The human bond is the process of developing a close and interpersonal relationship between two or more people. This happens most often between family members or friends, but can also develop among groups, such as sports teams and whenever people spend time together. Bonding is an interactive, interactive process, different from simple pleasures.
Ties usually refer to the growing attachment process between romantic couples or platonic couples, close friends, or parents and children. This bond is characterized by emotions such as affection and trust. Any two people who spend time together can form bonds. Male bond refers to the establishment of relationships between men through joint activities. The term female bond refers to the formation of a close personal relationship between women. Sexist friendship refers to the personal relationship between men and women.
Video Human bonding
Tampilan awal
In the 4th century BC, the Greek philosopher Plato argued that love directs the bonds of human society. In his book Symposium , Eryximachus, one of the narrators in the dialogue, states that love goes far beyond the simple appeal of human beauty. He claims that it happens throughout the animal kingdom and plants, as well as throughout the universe. Love directs everything that happens, in the realms of the gods as well as human beings (186a-b).
Eryximachus reasoned that when various opposing elements such as wet and dry "are moved by the species of Right Love, they are in harmony with each other... But when the rough and impulsive Love type controls the season, it brings death and destruction" (188a). Because it is the love that guides the relationship between conflicting sets throughout existence, in each case it is a higher form of love that carries harmony and divides toward goodness, whereas impulsive vulgar love creates disharmony.
Plato concludes that the highest form of love is the greatest. When love is "directed, in simplicity and justice, to the good, whether in heaven or on earth: happiness and good fortune, the bond of human society, in accordance with the gods above - all these are among His bounties" (188d).
In the 1660s, the Dutch philosopher Spinoza wrote, in his book The Ethics of Human Slavery or the Power of Emotion, that the term slavery is related to human weakness in moderating and checking emotions. That is, according to Spinoza, "when a man preys on his emotions, he is not his own master, but lies at the mercy of good fortune."
In 1809 Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, in his classic novel The Preferred Subject , wrote about "marital ties," and by analogy shows how strong the bond of marriage has a character similar to that found by the quicksilver particles. a unity together through a process of chemical affinity. Humans in a passionate relationship, according to Goethe, are analogous to the reactive substances in chemical equations.
Maps Human bonding
Couple bond
The term bond pairs originated in 1940 refers to the married couple; refers to a monogamous or relative monogamous relationship. While some forms of monogamy can characterize about 90% of bird species, long-term mammal partners (outside of short duration of intercourse) are rare, about 3% (see animal monogamy). The incidence of monogamy in primate species is also low in contrast to polygyny (one married man with two or more women), the most common pattern. However, regardless of the pattern of mating, primate life is typically characterized by long-term social relationships (whether sexual, nursing, coalition or otherwise) formed within the context of life in durable social groups, and long-lasting relationships (whether exclusive or not) by some level of bonding. Similarly, while the 'nature of' monogamy in humans is debated, a durable monogamous or polygamous relationship will usually be accompanied by an emotional or affective bond (see next section).
Lime bond
According to the scarcity theory, proposed in 1979 by psychologist Dorothy Tennov, a certain percentage of couples can go through what is called a limiting reaction, in which one or both of the couples. may experience a state of excitement mixed with continuous intrusive thinking, fear of rejection, and hope. Therefore, with all human romantic relationships, any of the three types of bonds can be formed, defined over a period of time, in relation to experience or not experiencing flexibility:
- Affective bond: specify the relationship where both partners are not off.
- Unlimited Bond: determines the relationship in which one partner is supple.
- Limerent-Limerent Connection: define the relationship in which the two partners are mutually limiting.
The constitution of these bonds may vary during the relationship, in a way that may increase or decrease the intensity of flexibility. The characteristic of this delineation made by Tennov, is that based on research and interviews with more than 500 people, all human relationships are bound can be divided into three varieties defined by the amount of limerency or non-limerency each pair contributes to the relationship.
Parent bond
Attachments
In 1958, British developmental psychologist John Bowlby published a paper "Nature of the Child on his Mother," in which the concept of precursor "the theory of appendix" was developed. This includes the development of the concept of affective bonding, sometimes referred to as an emotional bond, based on the universal tendency for humans to attach, to seek closeness to others and to feel secure when the person is present. The theory of attachment has several origins in animal observation and experimentation, but is also based on the observation of children who have missed the typical adult treatment experience. Much of the early research on attachment to humans was done by John Bowlby and his colleagues. Bowlby suggests that babies have innate needs to create an emotional bond, that is, bonding, as this increases the chances of survival by ensuring that they receive the care they need. Bowlby does not explain mutuality in attachment. She states that mother's attachment is pathological inversion and only describes the baby's behavior. Many development experts outlined Bowlby's ethical observations. However, there is no close search of Bowlby (unlikely for a human baby before walking) or a further description of the relationship between baby-sitter with emotional availability and sync with emotional modulation including the eternal motivation of attachment into adult life. The eternal motivation is the desire to control a surprisingly pleasant transformation of a trust route to human effectiveness. [Citation needed] This motivation is responsible for the intellectual curiosity and growth of language, mathematics and logic, all of which have an emotional basis of security.
Maternal bond
Of all the bonds of man, the maternal bond (the mother-infant relationship) is one of the strongest. Maternal bonding begins to develop during pregnancy; after pregnancy, the production of oxytocin during lactation increases the parasympathetic activity, thereby reducing anxiety and theoretically fostering bonding. It is generally understood that the maternal oxytocin circulation may affect some mammals to exhibit parenting behavior in response to their young species.
Breastfeeding has been reported to encourage early postpartum mother bonding, through touch, response, and mutual gaze. The widespread claims for lactating effects were done in the 1930s by Margaret Ribble, a champion of "infant rights," but challenged by others. The effects claimed are not universal, and breastfeeding mothers are appropriately concerned about their babies. It is difficult to determine the degree of causality due to a number of confounding variables, such as various family reasons choosing different feeding methods. Many believe that the initial bond ideally improves responsiveness and sensitivity to the needs of the child, enhances the quality of the mother-baby relationship - however, many exceptions can be found from very successful maternal-infant bonds, although early breastfeeding does not occur, such as premature babies who may lack of suction powers needed to successfully breastfeed.
Research after Bowlby's observations (above) creates some concern about whether adoptive parents have missed some important periods for child development. However, research on The Mental and Baby Social Life suggests that "parent-infant systems," rather than ties between biologically related individuals, is a suit that evolves between the innate behavior patterns of all human infants and the same response evolved from adult humans to infant behavior that. So nature "ensures some initial flexibility with respect to certain adults taking on the role of parents."
Dad's bond
In contrast to maternal bonds, father bonds tend to vary over the child's developmental range in terms of strength and stability. In fact, many children now grow in orphaned households and have no bond at all. In general, paternal bonds are more dominant in later life in a child's life after developing language. Dads may be more influential in the interplay of play compared to parenting interactions. Father-child bonds also tend to flourish in relation to topics such as political views or money, whereas mother-child bonding tends to develop in relation to topics such as religious views or a general view of life.
In 2003, a researcher from Northwestern University in Illinois found that progesterone, a hormone that is usually more associated with maternal pregnancy and bonding, can also control the way men react to their children. In particular, they found that lack of progesterone reduced aggressive behavior in male rats and encouraged them to act in the father's way to their children.
The human-animal bond
Animal-animal bonds can occur between humans and domestic or wild animals; be it a cat as a pet or a bird outside one's window. The phrase "Human-Animal Bond" also known as HAB began to emerge as a terminology in the late 1970s and early 1980s. Research on the nature and feasibility of human-animal bonding began in the late 18th century when, in York, England, the Society of Friends founded The Retreat to provide a humane treatment for the mentally ill. By treating patients to many farm animals in plantations, community officials theorized that a combination of animal contact plus productive work would facilitate the rehabilitation of the patient. In the 1870s in Paris, a French surgeon had patients with neural disorders riding horses. The patients were found to have improved motor control and their balance and were less likely to suffer from depression.
During the 1820-1870s, the American middle class in Victoria used animal-animal ties to assist in the socialization of children. This is a fully gendered process, because parents and communities believe only boys have an innate tendency toward violence and need to be socialized toward kindness and empathy through companion animals. Over time keeping pets to socialize children became more gender-neutral, but even until the 1980s and 1990s there remained a belief that boys primarily benefited from keeping pets due to the fact that it was the only way they can practice nurturing given the restrictive gender norms..
An example of the Animal-Animal Association can be seen during World War I on the Western Front with horses. The use of these animals was widespread because more than 24,000 horses and donkeys were used in the Canadian Expeditionary Forces in World War I. Horse connections can be seen as horses used to pull trains for their drivers, as individual transport mounts for officers, and patients for veterinarians. When examining human-animal bonds there is the danger of anthropomorphism and the projection of human quality.
In the 19th century, in Bielefeld, Germany, epilepsy patients were prescribed to spend time each day treating cats and dogs. Contact with animals is found to reduce the occurrence of seizures. In the early 1920s people began to use human-animal bonds not only for healing, but also to provide independence through the servants. In 1929, The Seeing Eye Inc. school was formed to train guiding dogs in the United States, inspired by dogs trained to guide World War I veterans in Europe. In addition, the idea is that human-animal bonding can provide health benefits to humans because animals "attract basic human needs for friendship, comfort, and security..." In 1980, a team of scientists at the University of Pennsylvania discovered human contact with animals found to reduce the physiological characteristics of stress; In particular, lowering blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, anxiety, and tension are all found to be positively correlated with human-pet bonds.
In some cases, despite the benefits, human-animal bonding can be used for dangerous purposes. The 1990s saw an increase in social and scientific awareness about the use of companion animals as a tool for domestic violence. A 1997 study found that 80% of shelters reported that women living with them experienced harassment that threatened or hurt companion animals as a form of harassment.
Many animal shelters encourage volunteers to come spend time with cats and dogs who spend most of their time in cages. Bonded with animals in shelters has been shown to help them adjust socially to improve behavior if they are adopted into the home.
A 2003 study by the US Department of Defense, based on human-animal bonds, determined that there was an increase and enrichment of life when animals were closely involved with humans. This study tested blood levels and saw increased oxytocin in participating humans and animals; Oxytocin has the ability to lower stress levels, heart rate, and fear in humans and animals.
Historically, animals were domesticated for functional use; for example, dogs to herd and track, and cats to kill rats or mice. Today, in Western societies, their function is primarily bonding. For example, current research shows that 60-80% of dogs sleep with their owners at night in the bedroom, either inside or in bed. In addition, in the past most cats were kept outside (warehouse cats) whereas today most cats are housecats and are considered part of the family. Currently, in the US, for example, 1.2 billion animals are kept as pets, especially for bonding purposes. In addition, in 1995 there were over 30 research institutions that saw the potential benefits of human-animal bonding.
Neurobiology
There is evidence in various species that the hormones oxytocin and vasopressin are involved in the bonding process, and in other forms of prosocial and reproductive behavior. Both chemicals facilitate maternal bonding and behavior in experiments in laboratory animals. In humans, there is evidence that oxytocin and vasopressin are released during labor and breast-feeding, and that these events are related to maternal bonding. According to one model, social isolation leads to stress, which is associated with activity in the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis and cortisol release. Positive social interactions are associated with increased oxytocin. This leads to bonding, which is also associated with higher levels of oxytocin and vasopressin, and reduces stress and hormones associated with stress.
Oxytocin is associated with higher levels of confidence in laboratory studies in humans. It has been called "cuddle chemical" for its role in facilitating trust and attachment. At the center of the reward of the limbic system, dopamine neurotransmitters can interact with oxytocin and further increase the likelihood of bonding. One team of researchers believes that oxytocin plays only a secondary role in affiliation, and that endogenous opiates play a central role. According to this model, affiliation is a function of the brain system that underlies the awards and memory formation.
Since most of this research has been done on animals - and mostly in rodents - these findings should be taken with caution when applied to humans. One of the few studies that looked at the influence of hormones on human bonds compared to participants who had just fallen in love with the control group. There is no difference for most of the measured hormones, including LH, estradiol, progesterone, DHEAS, and androstenedione. Testosterone and FSH are lower in men who have just fallen in love, and there is also a difference in blood cortisol for both sexes, with a higher rate in the falling group. These differences disappear after 12-28 months and may reflect the temporary stress and passion of a new relationship.
Prolactin
Prolactin is a peptide hormone that is primarily produced in the anterior pituitary gland. Prolactin affects reproduction and lactation in humans and other non-human mammals. It is also thought to mediate the formation of social bonds between mother and baby, such as the hormone oxytocin. In addition to the role of prolactin in the formation of social bonds, it is thought to be involved in romantic attachment, especially in the early stages. Prolactin can also act to mediate the well-being and positive effects of close relationships on one's health. To do so, it alters the individual neuroendocrine system to increase the likelihood of forming a strong social bond without requiring long periods of pregnancy; this may allow bonding between mother and child in case of adoption.
Prolactin may also affect the behavior of mother and father. Giving prolactin to female mice begins the mother's behavior, and in bird and fish dads, can improve the behavior of the father, whereas the antagonist for prolactin lowers the father's behavior. In human studies, fathers with higher prolactin concentrations were more alert and caring for their babies. In a different study in which fathers and infants were observed over a period of six months after the child was born, the researchers found that fathers with higher prolactin levels were more likely to facilitate playing with their babies. Moreover, after childbirth, prolactin increases the bond between the father and the newborn.
Prolactin levels can also increase during social stress situations in humans. This has been seen by giving the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST), and then measuring the serum prolactin concentration of blood. TSST is a widely accepted stress test in which research subjects undergo artificial job interviews and then mental arithmetic tasks in front of a three-person committee. This test is proven to simulate social psychological stress. After administering this test, a significantly higher prolactin level can be observed in serum. There is a large variation in the amount of elevated levels of prolactin in different individuals, but the effect does not differ significantly between men and women
The weak relationship
In 1962, when a new student majoring in history at Harvard, Mark Granovetter became enamored of the underlying concept of a classical chemistry lecture in which "weak" hydrogen bonds store large numbers of water molecules together, each of which is united by a strong "covalent bond" ". This model is the stimulus behind his famous 1973 paper Strength of Weak Strength , now considered a classical paper in sociology.
Weak social bonds are believed to be responsible for most embedded and social networking structures in the community as well as the transmission of information through these networks. In particular, more new information flows into the individual through the weak than through strong bonds. Because our close friends tend to move in the same circle as we do, the information they receive overlaps with what we already know. Acquaintances, on the other hand, know people we do not know, and thus receive more new information. There are several demographic groups, such as alexythimics, who may find it very difficult to establish or share emotional connections with others.
Playback and loss
In 1953, sociologist Diane Vaughan proposed an inseparable theory. It states that during the dynamics of the breaking of relationships, there is a "turning point", only recorded behind, followed by a transitional period in which one partner unconsciously knows the relationship will end, but holds to it for a long period of time. , sometimes for several years.
When a person where a person has been bound is lost, a response of sadness can occur. Sorrow is the process of losing and adapting to changing situations. Sorrow may take longer than the initial development of the bond. The process of sadness varies with culture.
See also
References
Further reading
Books
- Miller, W.B. & amp; Rodgers, J.L. (2001). Ontogeny Human Bond System: The Origin of Evolution, Neural Basis, and Psychological Manifestations. New York: Springer. ISBNÃ, 0-7923-7478-9
Articles
- Ben-Amos, I.K. (1997). "The Bond of Man: The Old Man and His Seed in Early Modern England." Discussion Paper in Economic and Social History - Oxford University.
- Brown, S.L. & amp; Brown, R.M. (2006). Selective investment theory: Returns the functional meaning of close relationships. Psychological Questions , 17, 1-29. - a theoretical proposal that "human social bonding develops as an emotional regulatory mechanism designed to promote reliable and costly altruism among dependent individuals for survival and reproduction" (from abstracts)
- Immerman, R.S. & amp; Mackey, W.C. (2003). Perspectives on Human Attachment (Couple of Bonds): Eve's unique heritage of the canine analog Evolutionary Psychology , 1, 138-154. ISSNÃ, 1474-7049
- Thorne, L. (2006). "Of Human Bonding" - Condo Inhabitants Find a Great Way to Connect With Neighbors, Express (Washingtonpost.com), Mon., (August 7) ​​
External links
- The Chemistry and Love Bond - HowStuffWorks.com
- Neurobiology of the Social Association - British Society for Neuroendocrinology
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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