Illegal immigration to the United States is admitted to United States of foreign citizens who violate United States immigration laws as well as those remaining in a foreign country after their visa, or any other authority to be in the country, has expired. Illegal immigrants in the US are also referred to as' illegal immigrants and 'unofficial immigrants'.
The United States had an almost open border until 1924, with only 1% of those trying to be rejected, usually because they failed the necessary mental or health exams. Immigration control was previously enacted with the Page Act of 1875 and the Chinese Exclusion Act Act of 1882. The Immigration Act of 1924 establishes the visa and quota requirements imposed for immigrants from certain countries.
Estimates in 2015 put the number of illegal immigrants at 11 million, representing 3.4% of the total US population. Illegal immigrant population reached its peak in 2007, when it reached 12.2 million and 4% of the total US population. Since the Great Recession, more undocumented immigrants have left the United States than those entering, and illegal border crossings are at their lowest levels for decades. By 2014, illegal immigrant adults have been living in the US for an average of 13.6 years, with about two-thirds of whom have lived in the US for at least a decade. In 2012, 52% came from Mexico, 15% from Central America, 12% from Asia, 6% from South America, 5% from the Caribbean, and 5% from Europe and Canada.
Research shows that illegal immigrants increase the size of the US economy, contribute to economic growth, improve indigenous people's welfare, contribute more in tax revenues than they collect, reduce American firms' incentives to offshore jobs and import foreign manufactured goods, and benefit consumers by reducing the price of goods and services. Economists estimate that legalizing illegal immigrant populations will significantly increase immigrant income and consumption, and increase US gross domestic product.
There is no evidence that illegal immigration raises crime rates in the United States. There is a scientific consensus that illegal immigrants commit fewer crimes than the indigenous population. City protection - which adopts policies designed not to prosecute people solely for being in the country illegally - has no statistically significant effect on crime. Research shows that enforcement of immigration has no impact on crime rates.
Video Illegal immigration to the United States
Definition
The category of people born abroad in the United States are:
- US citizens born outside the United States (naturalized)
- US citizens born as citizens outside the United States
- Foreign nationals born with current status of residence and/or employment in the US (documented)
- Foreign nationals born without current status to stay and/or work in the US (illegal/undocumented)
- Foreign non-expatriate foreigners (illegal and unacceptable)
Non-citizens residing in the United States are subdivided into immigrants and non-immigrants. Immigrants are non-citizens who are able to apply for citizenship. Non-immigrants are non-citizens who can not apply for citizenship, which includes diplomatic staff, temporary workers, students, tourists, etc.
Non-citizen residences can be illegal in one of four ways: by unauthorized entry, with employer's failure to pay the cost of worker documentation, staying outside the expiry date of the visa or other authorization, or by violating the provisions of the legal entry.
Maps Illegal immigration to the United States
Profile and demographics
By 2012, an estimated 14 million people live in families where the head of household or spouse is in the United States without authorization. Illegal immigrants who arrive just before 2012 tend to be better educated than those who have been in this country a decade or more. A quarter of all newly arrived immigrants before 2012 have at least some higher education. However, illegal immigrants as a group tend to be less educated than other parts of the US population: 49 percent have not completed high school, compared with 9 percent of Native Americans and 25 percent of legal immigrants. Illegal immigrants work in many sectors of the US economy. According to National Public Radio in 2005, about 3 percent work in agriculture; 33 percent have jobs in the service industry; and large quantities can be found in construction and related work (16 percent), and in production, installation, and repair (17 percent). According to USA Today in 2006, about 4 percent work on agriculture; 21 percent have jobs in the service industry; and large quantities can be found in construction and related work (19 percent), and in production, installation, and repair (15 percent), with 12% in sales, 10% in management, and 8% in transport. Illegal immigrants have lower incomes than legal immigrants and Native Americans, but income does increase, the longer a person is in the country.
Grouping by country
As of 2006, the following data table shows the distribution of locations where illegal immigrants are in the state.
The total number of illegal immigrants
From 2005 to 2009, the number of people entering the US illegally decreased by almost 67%, according to the Pew Hispanic Center, from 850,000 on average per year in the early 2000s to 300,000. The latest estimates mention the number of illegal immigrants of 11 million by 2015, representing 3.4% of the total US population. Illegal immigrant population reached its peak in 2007, when it reached 12.2 million and 4% of the total US population.
Narrowing the discussion only to Mexican citizens, a 2015 study conducted by University of Texas demographics in San Antonio and the University of New Hampshire found that immigration from Mexico; both legal and illegal, peaked in 2003 and that from the period between 2003 and 2007 until the period 2008 to 2012, immigration from Mexico decreased by 57%. Dean of the University of Texas College of Public Policy in San Antonio, Rogelio Saenz, stated that lower birth rates and economic growth in Mexico slowed down emigration, creating more jobs for Mexicans. Saenz also stated that Mexican immigrants no longer came to look for a job but to escape from the violence, noting that the majority of those who fled the crime were "far more likely to be naturalized US citizens".
According to the National Bureau of Economic Research 2017 paper, "The number of undocumented immigrants has dropped in absolute terms, while the overall population of low-skilled workers, foreign workers has remained stable... because the major source countries for US immigration now see and will continue to see growth weak labor supply relative to the United States, the future immigration rate of young workers, low-skilled workers are unlikely to rebound, whether US immigration policy is getting tighter. "
Children of illegal immigrants
The Pew Hispanic Center determined that according to a Census Bureau data analysis about 8 percent of children born in the United States in 2008 - about 340,000 - were descendants of illegal immigrants. (This report classifies a child as a descendant of illegal immigrants if a parent is illegitimate.) In total, 4 million US-born children of illegal immigrant parents live in the country in 2009 (along with 1.1 million people foreign - children born from parents of illegal immigrants). These babies, according to the long-standing administrative interpretation of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, are Americans from birth. Congress has never made laws, or the Supreme Court specifically decides whether infants born to visit foreign nationals are eligible for automatic US Citizenship. These children are sometimes referred to as baby anchors because of the belief that mothers give birth in the United States as a way to associate their families in the US.
surge from 2011 to 2016 on minors who are not accompanied from Central America
During the 2011-2016 period, the US Border Patrol arrested 178,825 unaccompanied children from El Salvador, Honduras, and Guatemala. The provisions of the 2008 William Wilberforce Trade Protection Rehabilitation Protection Act, which establishes the safe repatriation of unaccompanied children (other than those trafficked for sex or forced labor) from countries with no shared border with the United States , like other Central American countries besides Mexico, made the rapid deportation of a large number of Central American children who came to the United States in 2014 difficult and expensive, prompting calls by President Barack Obama to secure $ 4 billion in emergency aid and discussions by the Ministry of Justice and Congress on how to interpret or revise laws to speed up the handling of large numbers of children under the law.
A study of 2016 found that the Deferred Action for the Arrival of Children (DACA), which allowed unauthorized immigrants who migrated to the United States before the 16th anniversary and before June 2007 to stay temporarily, had no significant impact on the number of concerns of children who did not accompanied by Central America. In contrast, the "Wilberforce Williams 2008 Parenting Protection Rehabilitation Act", along with violence in home countries and economic conditions in both countries of origin and the United States, emerged as some of the key determinants of the recent surge below an unaccompanied age captured along the southwestern US-Mexican border. "According to a 2015 report by the Government Accountability Office, the main driver of the wave" is a crime and a lack of economic opportunities at home. Other reasons include educational issues, the desire to rejoin the family and aggressive recruitment by smugglers. "A 2017 Center for Global Development study states that violence is the main driver behind the spurt of unaccompanied Central American children into the United States: additional 10 murders in Central America left 6 unaccompanied children fleeing to the United States.
Country of origin now
According to the US Department of Homeland Security, the country of origin for the largest number of illegal immigrants is as follows (latest 2009):
The Urban Institute also estimates "between 65,000 and 75,000 Canadians currently live illegally in the United States."
Trends
By 2017, illegal cross-border arrests hit 46-year lows, down 25% from a year earlier. NPR states that immigrants may be less likely to enter the United States illegally because of President Trump's stance on illegal immigration. Many undocumented immigrants are from Mexico. Research has shown that 40 million foreign born residents live in the US. 11.7 million of the population was undocumented. During the 1950s, there were 45,000 documented immigrants from Central America. In the 1960s, this number doubled to 100,000. In the next decade, it increased to 134,000.
Illegal entry
The Pew Hispanic Center estimates that 6-7 million immigrants come to the United States through illegal entry, accounting for perhaps just over half of the population in the US illegally. There are about half a million illegal entries to the United States each year.
The general way of border crossing is hiring people smugglers to help them cross the border. Those operating on the US-Mexican border are known informally as coyotajes (coyote).
Visa overstay
According to Pew, between 4 and 5.5 million foreigners enter the United States on a legal visa, accounting for 33-50% of the total population. A tourist or traveler is considered an "overstay visa" after he remains in the United States after the time of receipt has expired. Entry times vary greatly from travelers to tourists depending on the visa class on which they are accepted. Visa delays tend to be more educated and financially better than those entering the country illegally.
To help track visa overstayers, the US-VISIT program (Visitor Program and Technology US Immigrant Status) collects and stores biographical, travel, and biometric information, such as photos and fingerprints, from foreign nationals seeking entry into the United States. It also requires an electronic readable passport that contains this information.
Visa overstayers mostly enter with tourist or business visa. In 1994, more than half the illegal immigrants were Visa overstayers while in 2006, about 45% of illegal immigrants were Visa overstayers.
Those who leave the United States after extending their visa for more than 180 days but less than a year go and then try to reapply will face a three-year ban that will not allow them to re-enter the US for that period. Those who leave the United States after extending their visa for a period of one year or more, leave and then try to reapply will face a ten-year ban.
Violation of Border Crossing Card
A small number of illegal immigrants enter the United States legitimately using the Border Crossing Card, a card that authorizes cross-border crossings to the US for a specified period of time. Crossing Card Border Account Entries for most of all registered non-immigrants enter the United States - 148 million out of a total of 179 million - but there is little hard data as to how many illegal immigrant populations are entering in this way. The Pew Hispanic Center estimates the amount of about 250,000-500,000.
Undocumented in Labor
Undocumented workers are particularly vulnerable because of their status. Being undocumented makes these people vulnerable to exploitation for American employers. Undocumented workers are more willing to work through poor conditions and low-income jobs - as a result making them vulnerable to harassment. Most undocumented migrants are ultimately employed by US employers who exploit low-wage markets produced through immigration. Common jobs include: cleaning services, clothing production, and household chores.
Many undocumented Latin American immigrants tend to go to the labor market because of the obstacles they have with their employment opportunities. This consequently establishes the informal sector in the labor market. As a result, this annex formulates ethnic identity for this sector.
Congress passed the Personal Responsibility and Employment Reconciliation Act (PRWORA) in 1996. This prevents federal, state, and local public benefits from flowing into illegal immigrants. It also requires federal and state agencies to disclose if a person is undocumented. In addition, PRWORA prohibits the state from licensing professionals to those without documents. Although PRWORA prevents public benefits from flowing into undocumented immigrants, there are exceptions. Undocumented immigrants are still eligible for medical assistance, immunization, disaster relief and education k-12. Nonetheless, federal law still requires local and state governments to deny benefits to undocumented people. The implementation of PRWORA shows a shift towards personal responsibility for "public dependency." There are approximately eight million undocumented workers in the United States in 2010. These workers are 5% of the American workforce.
Cause
But there are many incentives that attract foreigners to the US. Most illegal immigrants who come to America come to get better job opportunities, greater freedom, avoid political oppression, freedom from violence, hunger, and family reunification.
Causes by region
In general, illegal immigrants from Mexico and Central America came for economic reasons, but sometimes also because of political oppression. From Asia, they come for economic reasons but some come unconsciously as servants or sex slaves. From Sub-Saharan Africa, they come for economic activity and there is a slave trade opportunity. From Eastern Europe, they came to economic activity and to rejoin the family in the United States. However, there are also who came accidentally working in the sex industry.
Economic incentives
The economic reason is one of the motivations for people to immigrate illegally to the United States. US businessmen employ illegal immigrants with much higher wages than they can get in their home country. A study of illegal immigrants from Mexico during the 1978 harvest season in Oregon showed that they earned six times what they could get in Mexico, and even after deducting the cost of seasonal migration and additional costs to live in the United States, US net income three times fold from their alternative in Mexico. In the 1960s and early 70s, high Mexican fertility rates led to large population increases. While the growth of the Mexican population has slowed down, a large number of people born in the 1960s and 70s are now working age looking for work.
According to Judith Gans of the University of Arizona, US companies are encouraged to employ illegal immigrants for three main reasons:
- Global economic change. Global economic change is one of the causes of illegal immigration because information and transportation technology now drives international production, distribution and consumption, as well as labor. It has encouraged many countries to open their economies for outside investments, then increase the number of low-skilled workers participating in the global labor market and making the low-skilled labor market more competitive. This and the fact that developed countries have shifted from manufacturing to a knowledge-based economy, have aligned economic activity around the world. Workers are becoming more international as individuals immigrate to work, despite government efforts to control this migration. Because the US education system creates relatively few people who do not have a high school diploma or who hold a PhD degree, there is a shortage of workers needed to fulfill the low-level job of seasonal skills as well as certain high-skilled jobs. To fill this gap, the US immigration system seeks to compensate for this shortfall by providing temporary immigration by low-skilled agricultural workers and seasonal workers, and for permanent immigration by high-skilled workers.
- Lack of legal immigration channels.
- The ineffectiveness of current employer sanctions for illegal recruitment. It allows immigrants who are in the country illegally to easily find work. There are three reasons for this ineffectiveness - the absence of reliable mechanisms to verify job eligibility, insufficient funding for domestic immigration enforcement, and the absence of political will due to the labor needs of the US economy. For example, it is against the law to consciously hire illegal immigrants, but according to Judith Gans, there is no reliable mechanism in place for employers to verify that immigrant papers are authentic.
Another reason for the large number of illegal immigrants present in the United States is the cessation of the bracero program. The bi-national program between the US and Mexico dates from 1942 to 1964 to supply qualified Mexican workers as guest workers to harvest fruits and vegetables in the United States. During World War II, the program benefited the U.S. war effort. by substituting citizens' labor in agriculture to serve as soldiers abroad. This program is designed to provide a qualified legal flow of labor to the US. Many Mexicans are considered unqualified for the program despite immigrating illegally to the United States for work. In doing so they violate US and Mexican law. Many temporary legal workers become illegal when they choose to continue working in the US after the program is over. Changes in the law are not accompanied by changes in economic incentives for Mexican workers and American farmers.
Channels for legal immigration
The US immigration system provides channels for both legal and permanent legal immigration, especially for highly skilled workers. For low-skilled workers, temporary or seasonal temporary immigration is easier to obtain. The United States immigration system is based on three pillars: family reunification, the provision of scarce labor (such as in high-skilled and specialized agricultural workers), and protecting American workers from competition with foreign workers. The current system sets an overall limit of 675,000 permanent immigrants each year; This limit does not apply to couples, unmarried young children or parents of US citizens. Beyond this amount for permanent immigrants, 480,000 visas are granted for those who are under family preference rules and 140,000 are allocated for job-related preferences. The current system and the low number of visas available make it difficult for low-skilled workers to legally and permanently enter the country to work, thus illegally entering into the way immigrants respond to the lure of work with higher wages than what they will find in the country they are current.
Immigration chain
According to the demographics of Jeffery Passel of the Pew Hispanic Center, the flow of Mexicans to the US has resulted in a "network effect" - continued immigration when Mexicans moved to join existing families in the US.
Further incentives
Lower transportation, communication and information costs have facilitated illegal immigration. Mexican citizens, in particular, have very low cost of immigration finance and can easily cross the border. Even if it takes more than one effort, they have a very low chance of being detected and then deported once they enter the country.
International controversy
Mexican federal and state aid
The US Department of Homeland Security and several advocacy groups have criticized the YucatÃÆ'¡n government program and Mexican federal agencies directed at Mexicans migrating to and living in the United States. They stated that assistance included suggestions on how to cross the US border illegally, where finding health care, enrolling their children in public schools, and sending money to Mexico. The Mexican federal government also issued an identity card for Mexicans living outside Mexico.
- In 2005, the YucatÃÆ'¡n government created handbooks and DVDs about risks and implications across the US-Mexico border. The guide tells immigrants where to find health care, how to bring their children to US schools, and how to send money home. Officials at YucatÃÆ'¡n said the guidance was a necessity to save lives, but several American groups accused the government of encouraging illegal immigration.
- In 2005, the Mexican government was criticized for distributing a comic book offering tips to illegal immigrants to the United States. The comic book recommends to illegal immigrants, once they safely cross the border, "Do not pay attention to yourself... Avoid loud parties... Do not get involved in a fight." The Mexican government defends the guide in an effort to save lives. "It's kind of illegal immigration for dummies," said Immigration Study Center executive director in Washington, Mark Krikorian. "Promoting safe illegal immigration is not the same as arguing against it". The comic book states on its last page that the Mexican Government does not promote illegal crossings at all and only encourages visits to the US with all the necessary documentation.
Legal issues
Immigration law
Foreigners can be classified unlawfully for any of three reasons: unauthorized entry or checking, remaining outside the authorized period after a legal entry, or violating the provisions of a legal entry.
Section 1325 of Title 8 of the United States Code, "Entry of an unauthorized alien", grants a fine, imprisonment, or both to any citizen who:
- enter or attempt to enter the United States at any time or elsewhere other than those designated by an immigration agent, or
- avoid checks or checks by immigration agents, or
- attempt to enter or obtain an entry to the United States by a misleading or misleading representative or deliberate concealment of material facts.
Maximum jail sentence is 6 months for first offense with minor offense and 2 years for subsequent violation with crime. In addition to the criminal penalties and criminal penalties above, civil penalties may also be imposed. However, foreigners entering the country legally and extending their visa will only face violations of civil violations, which are comparable to having tickets to cross the street.
Arizona passed the immigration law of Arizona SB 1070 in April 2010, which was at that time the "heaviest bill in illegal immigration" in the United States, and was challenged by the Department of Justice for violating the powers protected by the US Constitution to the Federal Government. On July 28, 2010, US District Court Judge Susan Bolton issued an initial court order affecting the most controversial parts of the law, including a section requiring police officers to check a person's immigration status after a person is involved in another action or situation. which resulted in police activity. In 2016, Arizona reached a settlement with a number of immigrant rights organizations, including the National Immigration Law Center, reversing this aspect of the bill. The practice has caused Latin racial and other minority profiles.
Jobs
Illegal immigrants are generally not allowed to receive state or local public benefits, which include professional licensing. However, by 2013, the California State Legislature passed a law allowing illegal immigrants to obtain professional licenses. On 1 February 2014, Sergio C. Garcia became the first illegal immigrants to be received at the State Bar of California since 2008, when applicants were first requested to register citizenship status on bar apps.
The 2009 employment audit audit at American Apparel, a leading garment manufacturer in Los Angeles, by Immigration and Customs (ICE) agents found a difference in documentation of about 25 percent of company workers. The technique of auditing this work record originated during George W. Bush's presidency and has continued under President Barack Obama. This can lead to deportation should there be evidence of illegality revealed, but in American Apparel the audit only results in the termination of employees who can not resolve the differences. Most of the workers fired, some of whom have worked a decade at the factory, report that they will be looking for another job in the United States.
This enforcement technique is far less unobtrusive than a mass attack in the workplace.
The Obama administration has shown that they are not following the Bush administration raids with mass worker groups. The method has been criticized for disrupting business, and dividing immigrant families.
Apprehension
Federal law enforcement agencies, particularly US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), US Border Patrol (USBP), and US Customs and Border Protection (CBP), enforce the 1952 Immigration and Citizenship Act (INA), and to the extent certain, the United States Armed Forces, state and local law enforcement agencies, and civilians and civil groups guarding the border.
In the workplace
Prior to 2007, the immigration authorities warned employers of incompatibility between reported employee Social Security cards and actual cardholder names. In September 2007, a federal judge stopped this practice to alert the employer of card incompatibility.
Sometimes illegal recruitment has not been prosecuted aggressively: between 1999 and 2003, according to The Washington Post, "workplace enforcement operations are reduced by 95 per cent by the Immigration and Naturalization Service.The main illegal immigrant employers include: Wal-Mart: In 2005, Wal-Mart agreed to pay $ 11 million to complete a federal investigation that found hundreds of illegal immigrants employed by Wal-Mart cleaning contractors.
Detention
Approximately 31,000 non-American citizens are held in immigration detention on certain days, including children, in more than 200 detention centers, prisons, and national prisons. The United States government arrested more than 300,000 people in immigration custody in 2007 when it decided whether to deport them.
Deportation
Deportation of immigrants, also referred to as removals, may be issued when immigrants are found to violate US immigration laws. Deportation may apply to someone who is not a native of the United States or a naturalized United States citizen. The deportation process is also called a removal process and is usually initiated by the Department of Homeland Security. The United States issued deportations for various reasons including security, resource protection, and job protection.
Deportations from the United States increased by more than 60 percent from 2003 to 2008, with Mexicans accounting for nearly two-thirds of those deported. Under the Obama administration, deportation has risen to record levels beyond the level achieved by the George W. Bush administration with a projected 400,000 deportation in 2010, 10 percent above the deportation rate in 2008 and 25 percent above 2007. The fiscal year 2011 saw 396,906 deportation, the largest number in US Immigration and Customs Enforcement history; of them, about 55% have been convicted of a crime or offense, including:
- 44.653 was convicted of a drug-related crime
- 35.927 sentenced for driving under influence
- 5,848 convicted for sexual offenses
- 1,119 convicted of murder
By the end of 2012, as many people have been deported during the first four years of Obama's presidency when deported during George W. Bush's eight-year presidency; the amount of deportation under Obama reaches 2.5 million by the end of 2015.
AEDPA and IIRIRA Acts of 1996
Two major parts of legislation passed in 1996 have a significant impact on illegal immigration and deportation in the United States; Anti Terrorism and the Law of Effective Punishment (AEDPA) and Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility (IIRIRA). This was introduced after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing and the 1995 Oklahoma City bombings, both of which were terrorist attacks that claimed American lives. Both of these actions change the way criminal cases of legitimate permanent residents are handled, resulting in increased deportation from the United States. Prior to the deportation law of 1996, there were two steps taken by legitimate non-permanent residents convicted of crimes. The first step determines whether the person can be deported or not. The second step is determined if the person should or should not be deported. Before the deportation law of 1996, the second step prevented many permanent residents from being deported by letting their case be fully examined before issuing deportations. External factors are considered such as the effect of deportation on a person's family members and a person's connection with their home country. Under this system, permanent residents may be exempt from deportation if their situation deems it unnecessary. But the 1996 law issued much deportation under the first step, without going through the second step, resulting in a large increase in deportation.
One of the significant changes that resulted from the new law is the definition of the term aggravated crime . Convicted of crimes categorized as a result of serious crimes in mandatory detention and deportation. New definitions of compounded crime include crime such as shoplifting, which would be a minor crime in many states. The new law has categorized a much wider crime as a serious crime. The effect is a substantial increase in the permanent population who face mandatory deportation from the United States without the opportunity to ask for help. The 1996 deportation law has received much criticism because of their restrictions on citizens' rights.
USA Patriot Act
The USA Patriot Act was passed seven weeks after the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks. The aim of the action was to give the government more power to act on suspicion of terrorist activity. The strength of the new government afforded by this action includes a significant expansion of the conditions under which illegal immigrants may be deported on suspicion of terrorist activity. The act gives governments the power to deport people who are not only based on plots or acts of terrorism, but also on affiliations with specific organizations. The Secretary of State appoints certain organizations of foreign terrorist organizations before the US Patriot Act is implemented. Organizations on this list are considered dangerous because they are actively involved in terrorist activities. The Patriot Act creates a kind of organization called the organization's designated . The Secretary of State and the Attorney General are authorized to appoint any organization that supports terrorist activity at any level. The act also allows deportation based on involvement in unruly organizations that are considered suspicious.
Under the US Patriot Act, the Attorney General is authorized to "endorse" illegal immigrants who threaten national security. Once an illegal immigrant is certified, they must be taken into custody and face mandatory detention which will result in criminal or release charges. The Patriot Act has been criticized for violating the Fifth Amendment right to legal proceedings. Under the Patriot Act, an illegal immigrant is not given an opportunity for trial before being granted a certification.
Complications of illegal immigrant children's children and illegal immigrant parents
Complications in deportation efforts occur when parents are illegal immigrants but their children are eligible citizens of childbirth. The federal appeals court has upheld the refusal by Immigration and Naturalization to keep deporting illegal immigrants only on the grounds that they have US citizens, little children. There are approximately 3.1 million children of American citizens with at least one illegal immigrant parent in 2005; at least 13,000 children had one or both parents deported in 2005-2007.
DREAM Act
The DREAM Act is an American legislative proposal for a multi-phase process for illegal immigrants in the United States who will first provide conditional residue and after qualifying, permanent residency. The bill was first introduced in the Senate on 1 August 2001 and has since been re-introduced several times but failed. It was meant to stop the deportation of people who had arrived as children and grew up in the US. The law will provide a legitimate permanent residency under certain conditions which include: good moral character, enrollment in a secondary or post-secondary education program, and have lived in the United States for at least 5 years. Those who oppose the DREAM Act believe that it encourages illegal immigration.
Although the DREAM Act has not been enacted by federal law, a number of its provisions are implemented by a memorandum issued by Janet Napolitano of the Department of Homeland Security during the Obama administration. To be eligible for a Suspended Action for the Arrival of a Child (DACA), a person must indicate that they are under the age of 31 years on June 15, 2012; that they came to the United States before their 16th birthday; that they have been domiciled in the United States since June 15, 2007, to date; that they are physically present in the United States on June 15, 2012, and at the time they apply for DACA; that they are not authorized to reside in the United States on June 15, 2012; that they are currently in school, have graduated or obtained a completion certificate from high school, have obtained a general education development certificate (GED), or a respected veteran of the Coast Guard or US Armed Forces; and that they have not been convicted of serious crimes, significant grave violations, three or more other minor offenses, and not expressed as threats to national security or public safety.
Deportation trends
There are two major periods of mass deportation in US history. In the Mexican repatriation of the 1930s, through mass deportations and forced migration, some 500,000 Mexicans and Mexican Americans were deported or forced to emigrate, in this case Mae Ngai, an immigration historian at the University of Chicago, has been described as "racial abolition of the program". The majority of those removed are US citizens. Rep. Luis Gutierrez, D-Ill., Sponsoring the House of Representatives Bill which calls for a commission to study "forced deportation and emigration" of US citizens and legal residents, has expressed concern that history may recur, and that illegal immigration should have been made a crime, this could encourage "massive deportation of US citizens".
In Operation Wetback in 1954, the United States and the Mexican government worked together to deport immigrants of illegal immigrants in the US to Mexico. This cooperation is part of a more harmonious Mexican-American relationship that began in World War II. A joint border policing operation was established in the 1940s when the Bracero Program (1942-1964) brought in qualified Mexicans to the United States as guest workers. Many Mexicans who do not qualify for the program migrate illegally. Under Mexican law, Mexican workers require authorization to accept employment in the US. As Mexico did the post-World War II industry in the so-called Mexican Miracle, Mexico wants to maintain "one of its greatest natural resources, cheap and flexible labor supply." In some cases along with their US-born children (who are citizens under US law), some illegal immigrants, fearing potential violence when police stormed Mexican barrios throughout the southeastern states, stopped the "Mexican-looking" citizens on the street and asked for identification, fled to Mexico.
In 1986, President Ronald Reagan signed the Immigration Reform and Control Act which grants amnesty to 3 million illegal immigrants in the country.
The immediate effect of the 1996 deportation law and the Patriot Act is a dramatic increase in deportation. Prior to these actions, deportation remained approximately an average of 20,000 per year. Between 1990 and 1995 the deportation increased to about an average of 40,000 a year. From 1996 to 2005 the annual average has increased to over 180,000. In 2005 the number of deportations reached 208,521 with less than half deported under criminal land. According to a June 2013 report published by the Washington Office in Latin America, the practice of dangerous deportation is on the rise and poses a serious threat to the safety of deported migrants. These practices include repatriating migrants to border towns with high levels of drug-related violence and criminal activity, night deportation (about 1 in 5 reported migrants deported between 10 pm and 5 Ã , ), and "lateral repatriation", or the practice of transferring immigrants from the territories where they were detained to areas hundreds of miles away. These practices increase the risk of gangs and organized criminal groups who prey on newly arrived migrants.
In 2013, the deportation priority guide used by Immigration and Customs enforcement is extended to Customs and Border Protection, under the Obama Administration's prosecution policy plan. This has led to a reduction in the number of deportations of those in the "non-priority" category.
According to a survey by the Associated Press conducted in August 2014, the Department of Homeland Security was at a pace to remove the fewest number of immigrants since 2007. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, the federal agency responsible for deportation, sent home 258,608 immigrants between the start of the year budget - October 1, 2013 and July 28, 2014 - a decrease of nearly 20 percent from the same period in 2013, when 320,167 people were removed. Obama announced earlier in 2014 a plan to slow deportation; was recently postponed until November 2014 elections.
A study by the Center for American Progress, a liberal think tank, estimates that the cost of forcible transfer of most of the country's 10 million illegal immigrants is $ 41 billion per year.
Military engagement
In 1995, the United States Congress considered the exclusion of the Posse Comitatus Act, which generally prohibits the direct participation of US troops and aviators (and mariners and Marines under the policies of the Department of the Navy) in domestic law enforcement activities, such as tracing, seizure and arrest.
In 1997, the Marines shot and killed 18-year-old US citizen Esequiel HernÃÆ'¡ndez Jr while on a mission to smuggle illegal smuggling and immigration near the border community of Redford, Texas. The Marines watched high school students from concealment as he took care of his family's goats around their farm. At one point, Hernandez lifted his.22-caliber rifle and fired a shot at the hidden army. He was then tracked for 20 minutes then shot and killed. In connection with the incident, military lawyer Craig T. Trebilcock argues, "the fact that armed military forces are placed in positions with the possibility that they must use force to subdue criminal civil activity reflects a significant policy shift by executives, branched away from the doctrine of posse comitatus. "Hernandez's killing led to a congressional review and an end to a nine-year military policy that assists the Border Patrol.
After the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks, the United States once again considered placing troops along the US-Mexico border as a security measure. In May 2006, President George W. Bush announced plans to use the National Guard to strengthen enforcement of the US-Mexican Border from illegal immigrants, stressing that the Guard units "will not engage in direct law enforcement activities". Mexican Foreign Minister Luis Ernesto Derbez said in an interview with Mexico City radio station, "If we see the National Guard start directly participating in detaining people... we will soon start filing a lawsuit through our consulate." The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) called on the President not to deploy troops to deter illegal immigrants, stating that "the deployment of the National Guard forces violates the spirit of the Posse Comitatus Act". According to a State of the Union speech in January 2007, more than 6,000 National Guard members were sent to the border to complete the Border Patrol, costing more than $ 750 million.
City asylum
Several US cities have instructed law enforcement personnel and their civil servants not to notify the federal government when they know of illegal immigrants living within their jurisdiction.
There is no official definition of "holy city". Cities that have been referred to as "holy cities" by various politicians including Washington, D.C.; New York City; Los Angeles; Chicago; San Francisco; San Diego; Austin; Salt Lake City; Dallas; Detroit; Honolulu; Houston; Jersey City; Minneapolis; Miami; Denver; Aurora, Colorado; Baltimore; Seattle; Portland, Oregon; Portland, Maine; and Senath, Missouri, have become "holy cities", after applying ordinances not to stop or question individuals only to determine their immigration status. Most of these ordinances are enforced at the state and local levels, not cities. These policies do not prevent local authorities from investigating crimes committed by illegal immigrants.
Attacks on illegal immigrants
According to a 2006 report by the Anti-Pollution League, white supremacists and other extremists are engaged in an increasing number of attacks against legal and illegal immigrants and those considered immigrants. Sexual harassment of migrants from Latin America to the United States is also a form of attack on migrants conducted by smugglers, gang members, government officials, bandits, or other migrants.
Community-based engagement
The No More Deaths organization offers food, water and medical aid to migrants crossing the desert region of the Southwest of the United States in an effort to reduce the number of fatalities along the border.
In 2014, 'Dreamer Moms' begins to protest, hoping that President Obama will give them legal status. On November 12, 2014, there was a hunger strike near the White House conducted by the Dreamer Moms group. On November 21, 2014, Obama gave 5 million illegal immigrants legal status because he said that mass deportation "would be impossible and contrary to our character", but this decision was opposed in court, and then canceled.
Economic impact
Illegal immigrants increase the size of the US economy and contribute to economic growth. Illegal immigrants contribute to lower prices of US manufactured goods and services, which benefit consumers.
Economists estimate that the legalization of an illegal immigrant population at this time will increase the income and consumption of immigrants. A paper from the National Bureau of Economic Research 2016 found that "legalization would increase the economic contribution of the unlawful population by about 20%, to 3.6% of private sector GDP." Legalization also tends to reduce unpaid labor in the informal economy. A 2016 study found that the Suspended Action for the Arrival of Children (DACA), which allows unauthorized immigrants who migrate to the United States as minors to stay temporarily, increases labor force participation, reduces unemployment and increases income for eligible immigrants DACA. The study estimates that DACA displaces 50,000 to 75,000 unofficial immigrants into the work. Another study in 2016 found that eligible DACA households were 38% smaller than immigrant households who were not eligible and were not eligible to live in poverty.
A 2017 study in the Journal of Public Economics found that stronger immigration enforcement increases the likelihood that US-born children with immigrant parents without documents will live in poverty.
Original welfare
A number of studies have shown that illegal immigration increases the well-being of indigenous people. A 2015 study found that "increased levels of deportation and tightening border controls weaken the low-skilled labor market, increasing unemployment for genuine low-skilled workers." Legalization, on the other hand, lowers low-skilled, low-skilled unemployment rates and increases income per indigenous population. " A study by economist Giovanni Peri concluded that between 1990 and 2004, immigrant workers raised the wage of native-born workers in general by 4%, while newer immigrants suppressed the wages of previous immigrants.
In a review of the 2017 literature by the National Academy of Sciences, they describe the positive impact of illegal immigrants on indigenous people in the following ways:
The entry of new workers through migration increases the likelihood of filling vacant positions quickly and thereby reducing the net cost of posting new offers. The fact that immigrants in each category of lower income skills than indigenous people strengthens this effect. Although immigrants compete with indigenous peoples for this additional work, the overall number of new positions employers prefer to make is greater than the number of additional entrants to the labor market. The effect is to lower the unemployment rate and strengthen the bargaining position of the workers.
According to Georgetown University economist Anna Maria Mayda and University of California, Davis economist Giovanni Peri, "the deportation of immigrants without documents not only threatens the daily lives of several million people, it also undermines the economic viability of all US sectors of the economy." Research shows that illegal immigrants complement and expand high and medium-skilled American workers, making it possible for these sectors to employ more Americans. Without access to illegal immigrants, US companies will be given incentives for offshore jobs and importing foreign manufactured goods. Some highly competitive sectors that rely heavily on illegal immigrant labor, such as agriculture, will shrink drastically and sectors, such as hotels and food services, will see higher prices for consumers. Areas and cities that have large illegal populations also tend to see damage to the local economy is that illegal immigrant populations are removed. While Mayda and Peri note that some low-skilled American workers will see marginal profits, it is likely that the effects on job creation and net wages will be negative for the US as a whole.
A 2002 study of the impact of illegal immigration and border enforcement on wage in border communities from 1990 to 1997 found little impact from border enforcement on wages in US border cities, and concluded that their findings are consistent with two hypotheses, "border enforcement has minimal impact on illegal immigration, and illegal immigration from Mexico has minimal impact on wages in US border cities ".
According to the University of California, San Diego economist Gordon H. Hanson, "there is little evidence that legal immigration is economically better than illegal immigration.In fact, illegal immigration responds to market forces in a way that legal immigration is not allowed. great when the US economy is booming (relative to Mexico and Central American countries which is the most illegal source of immigration to the United States) and moving into areas where job growth is strong.Legal immigration, on the contrary, is the subject for arbitrary selection criteria and bureaucratic delays, which tend to separate law inflows from labor market conditions over the last half century, there appears to be little or no response from legal immigration to the US unemployment rate. "
Fiscal effects
Illegal immigrants are not eligible for most federal government-funded safety net programs. Illegal immigrants are prohibited from receiving benefits from Medicare, non-emergency Medicaid, or Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP), and Medicare programs; they also can not participate in the health insurance market or are eligible to receive insurance subsidies under the Affordable Care Act. Illegal immigrants contribute up to $ 12 billion annually to the Social Security Trust Fund, but are not eligible to receive any Social Security benefits. Unless illegal immigrants move into legal status, they will not accumulate these benefits. According to a 2007 literature review by the Congressional Budget Office, "Over the past two decades, most attempts to forecast the impact of fiscal immigration in the United States have concluded that, in aggregate and long-term, tax revenues of all kinds produced by immigrants - both legal and non legitimate - beyond the cost of the services they use. "
While the aggregate fiscal effect is beneficial to the United States, unauthorized immigration has a small, clean and negative fiscal effect on state and local governments. According to a report by the National Academy of Science 2017 on immigration, one of the reasons for the adverse fiscal impact on state and local governments is that "the federal government is reimbursing the costs of state and local entities a fraction of the cost of imprisoning foreign criminals, the remaining costs are borne by the local government. "
A paper in the peer-reviewed Tax Lawyer Journal of the American Bar Association concludes that illegal immigrants contribute more in taxes than in social services.
A study of 2016 found that, during the period 2000-2011, illegal immigrants donated $ 2.2 to $ 3.8 billion more to the Medicare Trust Fund "than they withdrew annually (a total surplus of $ 35.1 billion). unauthorized not to contribute or withdraw from the Trust Fund for 11 years, will become bankrupt in 2029-1 years earlier than expected at present. "
Mortgage
Around 2005, more banks saw illegal immigrants as untapped resources to grow their own income streams and argued that providing illegal immigrants with mortgages would help revitalize local communities, with many community banks providing home loans to illegal immigrants. At that time, critics complained that this practice would reward and encourage illegal immigration, as well as contribute to the improvement of predatory lending practices. A banking consultant said that banks that plan to offer mortgages to illegal immigrants are counting on the fact that enforcement of immigration is very weak, with deportation impossible for anyone not committing a crime.
Crime and law enforcement
There is no empirical evidence that immigration, including illegal immigration, increases crime rates in the United States. According to PolitiFact, "every expert we polled said there was a consensus among scholars that undocumented immigrants are no more likely to commit crimes than US citizens." Most studies show that illegal immigrants tend to commit fewer crimes than the indigenous population. For immigration in general, the majority of US studies have found lower rates of crime among immigrants than among non-immigrants, and that higher concentrations of immigrants are associated with lower crime rates. Some studies even suggest that partial immigration increases may explain the decline in US crime rates.
A 2018 study found that documentless immigration to the United States did not increase violent crime. A 2017 study found that "Increased undocumented immigration was significantly associated with reduction in drug arrests, drug overdose deaths, and DUI capture, cleared of other factors." A 2016 study found no association between illegal immigrant populations and violent crime, although there is a small but significant relationship between illegal immigrants and drug-related crimes. A 2017 study found that "Increased undocumented immigration was significantly associated with reduction in drug arrests, drug overdose deaths, and DUI capture, cleared of other factors." A 2017 study found that an extension of California's driving license for illegal immigrants "did not increase the total number of accidents or the occurrence of fatal accidents, but it reduced the likelihood of hit-and-run accidents, thereby increasing traffic safety and reducing costs for California drivers... providing unlicensed immigrants with access to driver licenses can create positive externalities for the communities in which they live. "A 2018 study in the American Economic Journal: Economic Policy found that by limiting employment opportunities to unauthorized immigrants, the Immigration and Control Reform Act of 1986 (IRCA) is most likely to cause an increase in crime.
According to a 1997 report by the National Research Council, The New Americans: Economic, Demographic, and Fiscal Effects of Immigration, "it is difficult to draw strong conclusions about the relationship between immigration and crime".
The Arizona Department of Defense reported in 2010 that illegal immigrants are represented in state prison populations. As of June 2010, illegal immigrants represented 14.8 percent of Arizona's inmates, but accounted for 7 percent of the country's total population according to the Department of Homeland Security. In addition, data show that illegal immigrants accounted for 40% of all prisoners serving time in Arizona state prisons for kidnapping; 24% of those serving time for drug costs; and 13 percent of those serving time for murder. The criminology professor James Alan Fox says that this is expected as illegal immigrants who tend to be poor "will have higher levels of individuals in prison" because there is a correlation between social class and crime, the correlation between social classes and probability. to be sent to prison for the same crime compared to those in the higher social class, and inadequate legal representation for the poor.
Impact of immigration enforcement
Research shows immigration enforcement prevents unauthorized immigration but has no impact on crime rates. Immigration enforcement is expensive and can divert resources from other forms of law enforcement. Stronger immigration enforcement has been linked to the deaths of larger migrants, as immigrants take riskier routes and use smugglers' services. Strong border enforcement may also encourage unauthorized immigrants to settle in the United States, rather than regularly traveling across borders where they can
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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