A nor'easter (also northeast ; see below) is a macro-scale cyclone. This name comes from the strongest wind direction that will hit the east coast of the northern hemisphere: because the cyclicic air mass rotates counterclockwise, the wind tends to blow from northeast to southwest over the area covered by the northwest quadrant of the cyclone. The use of the term in North America is associated with several different storm types, some of which can form in the North Atlantic Ocean and some form as far south as the Gulf of Mexico. The term is most commonly used in the coastal areas of New England and the Mid-Atlantic countries in the US, and in the Atlantic Province of Canada. Typically, the storm comes from a low pressure area formed within a 100 mile (160 km) radius of the coast between North Carolina and Massachusetts. The rainfall pattern is similar to other extratropical storms. Nor'easters are usually accompanied by very heavy rain or snow, and can cause severe coastal flooding, beach erosion, storm-force winds, or snowstorm conditions. Nor'easters are usually the most intense during winter in New England and Atlantic Canada. They thrive on convergent air masses - cold polar air masses and warm air above water - and more severe in winter when the temperature difference between these air masses is greater.
Nor'easters tend to develop most often and strongest between October and March, although they can (much less frequently) develop during other parts of the year as well. The vulnerable areas are generally affected by the nor'easters several times each winter.
Video Nor'easter
Etymology and usage
The term nor'easter comes to American English with English English. The earliest use of contractions or (for north ) in combinations like nor'-east and nor-nor-west , as reported by the Oxford English Dictionary , dated to the end of the 16th century, as in John Davis's 1594 The Seaman's Secrets : "Noreast by North raises the title in sayling 24 league. "The spelling appeared, for example, on a compass card published in 1607. Thus, the pronunciation of a 32-point memory of the compass, known in maritime training as a" boxing compass, "was described by Ansted with the eastern" Nor " (or west), "" Nor 'Nor'-east (or west), "" Nor'east b' east (or west), "and so on. According to OED, the first recorded use of the term "nor'easter" occurred in 1836 in the translation of Aristophanes. The term "nor'easter" is naturally developed from historical spelling and pronunciation of compass points and wind direction or sailing.
As noted in a January 2006 editorial by William Sisson, editor of Soundings magazine, the use of "nor'easter" to describe the storm system is common on the East Coast of the USA. But it has been affirmed by the linguist Mark Liberman (see below) that "nor'easter" as a contraction for "northeast" has no basis in the New England regional dialect; Boston accents will leave "R": no'theastuh '. He described the nor'easter as a "fake" word. However, this view ignores the lesser-known etymology and historical maritime usage described above.
The nineteenth century Downeast sailor uttered the "northeastern north" compass point as "no'nuth-east", and so on. For decades, Edgar Comee, of Brunswick, Maine, waged a determined battle against the use of the term "nor'easter" by the press, whose use he regarded as "a stifling and utterly disagreeable pretense" and "disgusting practice, even disgusting, "from landlubbers to be seen as salty as the sea itself." His efforts included sending hundreds of postcards, profiled, just before his death at the age of 88, at The New Yorker.
Despite efforts by Comee and others, the use of this term continues unabated by the press. According to Boston Globe author Jan Freeman, "from 1975 to 1980, reporters used the nor'easter spelling only once in five mentioning such storms, last year (2003), over 80 percent of the northeast spelled nor'easter ".
University of Pennsylvania linguistics professor Mark Liberman points out that although the Oxford English Dictionary cites examples from 1837, these examples represent the contributions of a handful of non-New England poets and writers. Liberman argues that "nor'easter" may be originally a literary appeal, similar to "e'en" for "even" and "only" for "the only one", which is an indication in spelling that two syllables are taken into account only one position in the measured verse, with no implications for actual pronunciation.
However, apart from these statements, this term can be found in New England writings, and often used by the press in the 19th century.
- The Hartford Times reported on a storm that struck New York in December of 1839, and observed, "We Yankees have the same" noreaster, "but that's pretty moderate compared to one institute 15h. "
- Thomas Bailey Aldrich, in his semi-autobiographical work The Story of a Bad Boy (1870), writes, "We had experienced some hail and snow before, but this is a routine or 'Easter'.
- In his story "In the Gray Goth" (1869) Elizabeth Stuart Phelps Ward wrote "... and there is snow in the sky now, preparing for the mediocre."
- John H. Tice, in The new meteorological system, designed for schools and private students <1878>, writes "During this battle, the eerie, unpleasant North East and ravaged the rampage in New England, the Middle States, and southward.Nothing happens unless there is a high barometer that departs and is relegated to Nova Scotia and Lower Canada. "
Usage exists in the 20th century in the form:
- current event description, as the New York Charity Society Publishing Society's Committee writes in Charity and Commons: the weekly journal of philanthropy and social progress, Volume 19 (1908): "Apart from" nor 'easter "heavy," the worst that has been visiting the New England coast for years, the hall was packed. "
- Historical references, such as those used by Mary Rogers Bangs in Old Cape Cod (1917): "In December 1778, the brigs General Arnold, the Magee master and the twelve Barnstables among the crew, on land on the Plymouth plains during an angry rampage, the "Magee's storm" that seafarers, for years afterwards, is used as a calculated date. "
- "The general contraction for" northeast "", as noted in Ralph E. Huschke Meteorological Glossary (1959).
Maps Nor'easter
Geography and formation characteristics
Formation
Nor'easters evolved in response to the sharp difference in the Gulf Stream bay warm currents coming from the tropical Atlantic and cold air masses coming from Canada. When very cold and dry air rushes south and meet with warmer current currents, which are often close to 70 ° C (21 ° C) even in mid-winter, strong low pressure develops.
In the upper atmosphere, strong winds from the jet stream remove and change the air rising from the Atlantic faster than the Atlantic air is replaced at a lower level; this and Coriolis's power helped develop a strong storm. The storm trails northeast along the East Coast through Carolinas, the middle Atlantic, and the coastal states of New England. The wind counter-clockwise around the low pressure system blows damp air above the ground. The relatively warm and humid air filled the cold air coming south from Canada. The low increases the pressure difference around it, which causes very different air masses to collide at faster speeds. When the temperature difference in air mass is greater, so does the storm's instability, turbulence, and severity.
The nor'easters taking the East Coast line usually indicates the presence of high pressure areas around Nova Scotia. Sometimes a Nor'nerer will move slightly inland and bring rain to cities on the coastal plains (New York City, Philadelphia, Baltimore, etc.) and snow in New England (Boston to the north). He can move a little offshore, bringing wet snow south of Boston to Richmond, Virginia, or even parts of Carolina. Such storms will rise rapidly, trace northward and follow the topography of the East Coast, occasionally continuing to grow stronger throughout its entire existence. A nor'nerer usually reaches its peak intensity while off the coast of Canada. The storm then reaches the Arctic region, and can reach the same intensity with a weak storm. It then meanders across the North Atlantic and can last for several weeks.
Characteristics
Nor'easters are typically formed by areas of vortices associated with upper-level disturbances or from the harshness of the frontal surface causing the surface of low-pressure areas to develop. Such storms are very often formed from the incorporation of some weaker storms, "storms," ​​and polar jet streams mixed with tropical jet streams.
Up past the nor'easter, thick, dark, low-level clouds often block the sun. Temperatures usually drop significantly due to the cold air from the wind that usually comes from the northeast. During a single storm, precipitation can range from heavy rain to fine mist. All kinds of precipitation may occur in the nor'easter. A high wind blow, which can reach the force of the storm, is also associated with the nor'easter. On very rare occasions, such as in nor'easter in 1978, 2006 North American snowstorms, and January 2018 snowstorms of North America, the center of the storm can take the form of a circle more typical of hurricanes and have a small "dry" slot "near the center, which can be mistaken for the eye, even though it is not the eye.
Differences from tropical cyclones
Often, people think of nor'easters for tropical cyclones and do not distinguish between two weather systems. Nor'easters differ from tropical cyclones in which nor'easters are cold-core low-pressure systems, meaning that they thrive in the cold. Tropical cyclones are warm-core low-pressure systems, which means they thrive at warm temperatures.
Differences from other extratropical storms
A Nor'easter is formed in a powerful extratropic cyclone, usually undergoing bombogenesis. While these formations occur in many places around the world, the nor'easter is unique to their combination of the northeast wind and moisture content of swirling clouds. Almost similar conditions sometimes occur during the winter in the Northeast Pacific (northern and northern Japan) with winds from NW-N. In Europe, similar weather systems with such severity are almost impossible; the moisture content of the clouds is usually not high enough to cause flooding or heavy snow, although the NE wind can become stronger.
Geography
The eastern United States, from North Carolina to Maine, and Eastern Canada may experience the nor'easters, although most often they affect areas from northern New Jersey to the north. The effects of the nor'easter sometimes bring high waves and strong winds as far south as the coast of South Carolina and Georgia. Nor'easters caused a large amount of coastal erosion in these areas, as well as flooding in the associated lowland areas.
Biologists at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution on Cape Cod have determined that the environment is not an environmental factor for the red waves on the Atlantic coast.
List of nor'easters
List of ordinary people with a brief description of the event.
See also
- Alberta clipper
- Cold-core low
- Panhandle hooks
- Sudestada
- The winter storm
- Southwest Pacific cyclone
- low Aleutian
- Windstorm Europe
- Whirlpool
References
External links
- Blizzard Video: December 9, 2005 (duration: 9m59 seconds)
- Archived issues from NOR'EASTER (Northeast Sea Grants Program Magazine), published until 1999.
- Duxbury, Massachusetts April 2007 Photo Nor'easter
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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