perfect tense or aspect (abbreviated PERF or PRF ) is a verb form that indicates that an action or situation occurs earlier than the time taken into consideration, often focusing attention to the resulting state rather than on the event itself. The perfect example of construction is I've made dinner : although it provides information about the previous action (I made dinner), the focus may be on the current consequences of the action (the fact that the dinner is ready). The word perfect in this sense means "done" (from Latin perfectum , which is the perfect passive verb of the verb perficere "to complete the" ).
In traditional Greek and Ancient Greek grammar, the perfect word form is a special conjugated verb form. Modern analysis sees the perfect construction of these languages ​​as the incorporation of grammatical elements (such as time references) and grammatical aspects. The perfect tense of Greece contrasts with AORIST and its imperfect tenses and specifically refers to events that have been completed with the current consequences; it means so similar to the construction of English, "has/has (done something)". The Latin perfect tense is contrasted only with imperfect tense (used for incomplete actions or states) and is thus used to mean "have/done something" and "do something" (use of preterite). Another related form is pluperfect, which denotes an event before a past reference, and a perfect future, for an event before the reference time in the future.
In the grammar some of the modern languages, especially English, are perfectly analyzed as aspects that do not depend on tense - a form that has been traditionally just called perfect ("I have done") is then called perfect today , while a form traditionally called pluperfect ("I have done") is called perfect in the past. (There are also additional forms such as perfect future, perfect conditional, etc.) Perfect formation in English, using additional verb forms ( have ) along with the past participle of the main verb, parallelized in a number of other modern European languages.
The perfect can be represented by the acronym glossing PERF or PRF . It should not be confused with the perfect aspect, which refers to seeing an action as a single event (but not necessarily before). To avoid confusion with the perfect, the perfect is sometimes called retrospective ( RET ).
Video Perfect (grammar)
As an aspect
In some analyzes, perfect is identified as one of the grammatical aspects. In the perfect aspect, the referenced event is deemed completed at the time of reference. It should not be confused with the perfect aspect, which marks the situation as a single event without an internal structure , and does not imply previous events or current relevance as a perfect aspect. The perfect also contrasts with the prospective aspect, which encodes the relevance or anticipation of future events. While the perfect is a relatively uniform category across languages, its relation to aspects of experience and outcomes is complex - the last two not only limit the perfect cases.
The perfect is not necessarily incompatible with other grammatical aspects. In English, for example, it can be combined with a progressive (ongoing) aspect, in which an event is seen as temporary and sustainable. A perfect current progressive form I have worked combine the meaning expressed by two aspects - see me working as an ongoing process, but which is now done (or, as in I have worked for two hours , limiting attention to the completed part of the process).
If it is perfectly regarded as an aspect, then the verb is traditionally called simply "perfect" (as in Greek or - in an appropriate context - in Latin) in fact combining the perfect aspect with the present tense). The perfect shape of pluperfect and future combines the perfect aspect with the past and future of each tense. This analysis is reflected more explicitly in the terminology commonly used in modern English grammar, which refers to perfect presentations, perfect in the past and perfect future (as well as some other constructs as perfectly conditional).
However, not all the use of the "perfect" verbs always express these "perfect aspects" - sometimes they are simply used as an expression of the past, that is, as preterites. This applies to some perfect Latin usage, as well as (for example) to modern German Perfekt .
Maps Perfect (grammar)
Type
In English, some aspects of perfect use have been acknowledged:
- Resultative Perfect (referring to the present situation which is the result or the end point of an event in the past):
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- "I've lost my penknife" (message: I still do not have it)
- Continuative Perfect (past situation persists):
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- "I always guide her"
- Anterior Perfect (resolving the previous situation, but with relevance to date):
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- "It's raining" (implications: wet road now)
- Experiential Perfect (stating that certain situations have occurred at least once in the time period leading to the present time):
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- "Bill has been to America" ​​
- "I've seen the movie three times now"
- Universal Perfect (stating that certain situations have been continuous over the period ahead of time):
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- "The Perfect Mean has been debated for 200 years"
In other languages ​​another utility of the perfect is found:
- Perfect of Present State (states that the current situation occurs as a result of something that just happened):
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- (Swahili) A-aku-choka 'he is tired' (lit. 'he gets tired')
- (Swahili) A-me-simama 'he stood up' (light up 'he has stood up'). This can be considered the same as the Perfect Result.
- Perfectly Very New Past:
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- (Alicante Spain) Yo estaba andando en el bosque. De pronto he pisado una culebra. Me ha mordido en la pierna. '(an hour ago) I was walking in the forest. Suddenly I stepped on a snake. It bites me in the foot. "(On.) 'I have stepped on a snake... he has bitten me').
- Evidential or Inferential Perfect (a statement that something must be due to available evidence):
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- (Sweden) Tjuven har kommit in genome det hÃÆ'¤r fÃÆ'¶nstret 'The thief turned in through this window' (literally, 'signed in')
- Reportative Perfect (referring to an event the speaker has heard but not personally witnessed). This is common in languages ​​like Turkish, Persian, Georgian, and Bulgarian:
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- (Turkish) Hasta-y-m ?? -? m 'They say I'm sick' (literally, 'I'm sick')
The past is disjointed
In some languages, a kind of tension has been noted with implicitly opposite implications. This type of tension is known as a discontinuous past. So if a phrase like "I have put the book on the table" implies that it is still on the table, so the discontinuous past sentence "I put the book on the table" in these languages ​​will imply that the book is no longer in over the counter.
Construction with auxiliaries
A number of modern European languages ​​show a parallel type of perfect (or perfect-like) construction, formed with additional verbs in combination with the past participle of the main verb. Auxiliary may be a verb meaning to have (as in English I have won ) or a verb meaning to be (as in French je suis arrivà ©  © , "I (has) arrived", literally "I arrived").
The have -perfect is developed from a construct where the meaningful verb has indicates ownership, and the past participle is an adjective that modifies the object, as in I have a job done . This is then reanalyzed, with the object being the object of the main verb, and the participle being dependent of the verb have , as in I have done the work. Construction can then be generalized to be used also with intransitive verbs. A remnant of the original interpretation is preserved in several languages ​​in the form of inflection in the participle to agree with the gender and number of objects.
The be - perfectly developed the same, from the construction where the meaningful verb becomes is the usual copula and the participle states the resultative state of the subject. This is consequently mostly used with verbs that indicate changes in the country or subject location, and in some languages ​​participle inflects agrees with the gender and number of subjects.
The language that uses these constructions can usually derail the helpers to produce different verb forms for the perfect aspect: the perfection of pluperfiks or the past is produced with aids in the past tense, a perfect future with tools in the future, and so on. These include non-confined forms such as perfect infinitives. (More possible forms and examples are given under English below.)
The perfect perfect (now) form, in addition to the present time, can especially bring about the meaning of the perfect aspect, as in English; But in some languages ​​it is used more generally as a past tense (or preterite), as in French and German.
The use of helper and meaning of constructs in various languages ​​is described below.
- English uses has as a helper; the use of being with some intransitive verbs (as in coming ; he goes ) is archaic. For more details see the section in § English below.
- German uses haben ("has") as a helper with most verbs, and sein ("be") with some intransitive, including copula sein own. The perfect "imperfect" German construction is called Perfekt (perfect), and for most verbs is a past sentence commonly used for daily dialects and dialects. For details, see German verbs. Other Germanic languages ​​have similar constructs, like Swedish perfekt and perfectum (composite) from Dutch.
- French uses avoir ("has") as a help with most verbs, but uses ÃÆ'ªtre ("be") with a reflexive verb and with a number of intransitive verbs. Past participle is inflected to agree in gender and number with subject when ÃÆ'ªtre is used, and with direct object when avoir is used, but then only when the object precedes the verb (which is usually occurs with people's pronouns and in some relative and interrogative clauses). Construction with a "perfect" form is called passÃÆ' Â © composÃÆ' â € <â € <Â © (a compound of the past), and is a common past form for a completed event, which fits perfectly English and a simple past. For more details see passÃÆ' Â © composÃÆ' â € <â € <Â © .
- Italian uses avere ("have") and essere ("be") as a helper, distributed in much the same way as avoir > and ÃÆ'ªtre in French. Participants agree with the subject when essere is used, and with the previous direct pronoun of the object when avere is used. Current perfection is often used for completed events where English will use a simple past. For details see Italian grammar.
- Spanish uses haber ("got") as a helper with all verbs. The form of "perfect presence" is called pretÃÆ' Â © rito perfecto , and is used similarly to perfect English today. See the Spanish verb.
The Celtic language has a somewhat different kind of perfect construction, in which the word meaning "after" is used in conjunction with a verbal noun. It is depicted under Welsh grammar and Irish conjugation. By analogy with this construction, the sentence of the form I after eating (meaning "I have eaten") is used in Irish English.
In certain languages ​​
Proto-Indo-Europe
In Proto-Indo-European (PIE) language reconstruction, the form of a verb that is traditionally called "perfect" actually marks the stative aspect (current state). The name is given on the basis of similarity with the perfect form of Greek or Latin, before the nature of the form is fully recognizable. For details of the formation, see the Proto-Indo-European verbs.
Ancient Greek
The Ancient Greek perfect is developed from the form of PIE perfect (stative); in both cases the rod is usually formed by reduplication. But in Greek, it takes on the true "perfect" meaning, which shows action with permanent results. The effect of this action is seen in the resulting state; this state can belong to a subject or object. Therefore, the meaning is similar to the now perfect English, although the use of perfect Greek is somewhat narrower than in English. Greece also has a perfect and perfect (complex) future, although its use is rare.
The other form of verb used in Ancient Greek to refer to past circumstances is aorist, used only to report past events (eg in narratives), and imperfections.
For details of the formation and use of perfect Greek, see the Ancient Greek verbs (see also Ancient Greek grammar Ã,§ Mood dependence and word form). For the perfect (compound) found in modern Greek, see the modern Greek verb.
Latin
In Latin, AOR, AOR, join the perfect one. As a result, the perfect perfect tense serves both as true perfect (meaning, for example, I've done ), and as a simple preterite, just report past events ( I do it ). This contrasts with imperfections, which indicate an unfinished action or past state.
Latin also has perfect and perfect shape in the future. For details on how all these forms are made, see the Latin conjugation.
English
Perfect English is made with additional verb forms have along with the past participle of the main verb. Auxiliary is infected for tension and mood, and may also appear in infinitive, participle or gerund, giving rise to a number of constructs that combine perfect aspects with other verbal properties:
- I have eaten ; he has eaten (perfect present, generally indicating something that happened before now)
- I've eaten (used to be perfect, something that happened before the moment in the past)
- I will eat (perfect future, something that happens before the moment in the future)
- I will eat (perfectly conditional, something that is understood to happen in a hypothetical past situation)
- ... that he has eaten... (perfect subjunctive presence, rarely used form; see subjung English)
- (to) have eaten (perfect infinitive)
- eat (perfect gerund or participle)
The perfect can also be combined with other aspects marked in English - progressive (or ongoing) aspect. In perfect progressive (or perfectly sustainable) construction, perfect aids (form have ) followed by past participle been (from to , auxiliary of progressive aspect ), followed by the participle presentle of the main verb. As before, the perfect tool can appear in various forms of words, moods and non-bound forms:
- I have eaten ; she has been eating (present perfect progressive )
- I have eaten (perfect progressive in the past)
- etc.
The perfect (or perfectly progressive) aspect can also be combined with marking for a passive voice. The perfect passive form can be constructed by replacing the participle of the main verb with corresponding participle be followed by the past participle of the main verb: has been eaten ; it will be eaten ; already eaten . Passive passive is perfect, as in the last example, therefore involves two successive verbs from the auxiliary verb to ; This construction is rarely used.
The implications of the current perfection (something that happened before the present moment) are similar to the simple past. The simple past is commonly used when events have a specific time period - either explicitly stated ( I wrote a book in 1995 ; boiling water a minute that then ), or implied by the context (for example, in the event sequence narrative). The present perfect, on the other hand, is used when the time frame is assumed to take place to date: I have written two novels (in my life; I am still alive); You did not do this morning's work (this is still morning). This is often used to draw attention to consequences rather than actions: I have built a tree house (development time is not important; the focus is on the result, the current existence of a tree house).
The perfect progressive form is used primarily to refer to the action that continues until (or nearly up to) the time of reference, again with an emphasis on the consequences ( we are tired because we have been running ), or the duration ( we have been working for ten hours/since 7 pm ). They may express interrupted activity ( I have written a novel when he comes to talk to me ).
The infinitive perfect (without to in most cases) can be used after a capital verb with various meanings, especially to express modalities with respect to past events: you should do that ; he may have seen it . With being (and sometimes must and can ) form conditional contradictions-to-facts of the past (conditionally perfect), as in < i> he/will do it if he/she has tried . (This form of verb may not be considered really in the perfect aspect.) For more information on such constructions, see the verb of English capital (especially the parts of each capital).
For more details on using the perfect constructions in English, see Use of the English verb form.
See also
- Future tense
- Perfectly profane prophetic
- Relative and absolute tense
References
External links
- Greek Tenses
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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