The pluperfect is a type of verb form, generally treated as one of the words in a particular language, used to refer to an action earlier than the time in the past. An example in English is: "we had arrived"; "they have written".
It comes from the Latin plus quam perfectum , "more than perfect". The word "perfect" in this sense means "done"; it contrasts with "imperfect", which indicates an incomplete action or state.
In English grammar, a pluperfect equivalent (a form like "has been written") is now often called past perfect , because it incorporates past tense with the perfect aspect. (The same term is sometimes used in relation to the grammar of other languages.) English also has a perfectly progressive past (or past perfect continuous ) form: "has write ".
Video Pluperfect
Arti dari pluperfect
Pluperfect has traditionally been described as tense; in modern linguistic terminology can be said to combine tense with grammatical aspects; ie the past form (reference to the past) and the perfect aspect (the finished state). This is used to refer to an event that in the past has started (but not necessarily completed), (eg "It has rained for a week when a major storm begins.").
Bernard Comrie classifies pluperfect as absolute-relatively tense, therefore absolute (not context-based) establishes deixis (past events) and places action relative to deixis (before that). Examples of pluperfect English are found in the following sentence (from Viktor Frankl Man's Search for Meaning ):
- A man who for years has thought that he has reached the absolute limit of all possible suffering now finds that suffering has no limits, and that he can suffer still more, and more intensely.
Here, "thinking" and "having reached" are examples of pluperfect. They refer to an event (a man who thinks he has reached his limit of ability to suffer), which occurred before another event (the man found that his capacity to suffer has no limits), is itself a past event, called using the past tense ( found ). Pluperfect is needed to clarify that the first event (thought and achievement expected) was placed earlier in the past.
Maps Pluperfect
Examples from various languages ​​
Some languages, like Latin, make pure pluperfects by altering verbs, whereas most modern European languages ​​do so using appropriate auxiliary verbs in combination with past participles. The ways in which some languages ​​form pluperfect are described below.
Greek and Latin
The Old Greek verb has a pluperfect form (called ??????????????, "more than done"). An example is Ê »????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? See Ancient Greek verbs. Modern Greek uses helpers to form pluperfect; examples are given in the table at the end of this article.
In Latin, pluperfect ( plus quam perfectum ) is formed without additional verbs in active voice, and with additional verbs plus a perfect passive participle in passive voice. For example, in the indicative mood:
- Pecuniam mercatori dederat . ("He has given money to merchants"; active)
- Pecunia mercatori data closely . ("Money has been given to merchants"; passive)
The subjunctive atmosphere is the same (in this case dedisset and esset data respectively). In many cases absolute ablative phrases, consisting of perfect nouns and participants in ablative cases, may be used instead of pluperfect; eg: Pecuniis mercatori datis, cessit emptor , "When money has been given (more literally: Money already given) to the merchant, the buyer leaves."
For detailed information see Latin grammar and Latin conjugation.
English
In English grammar, pluperfect is formed by combining additional verbs that have with the past participle of the main verb, as in has skipped or has written . This is usually called past perfect , is a combination of perfect aspects (marked with the use of having additions with past participle) and past tense (marked by use) of the last form of the aid, has ). It is one of a number of perfectly constructed analogue constructions, as it is now perfect ("has/has jumped"), perfect future ("will jump") and perfectly conditional ("will jump").
Unlike perfect today, the perfect past can be easily used with words that define past time frames for the event. For example, it's incorrect to say * I did it last Friday (use last Friday , which defines the past, would require a simple past use, /i>, rather than perfect now). However, there is no such objection to a sentence like "I did it before Friday", where a perfect past accompanied by the timing of the occurrence.
English also has progressive progressive (or past perfect continuous ) constructs of the past, such as working . It is the past equivalent of today's perfect progressiveness, and is used to refer to ongoing actions that continue into past references. For example: "It rained all night when he woke up."
German
In Germany, pluperfect ( Plusquamperfekt , PrÃÆ'¤teritumperfekt , or Vorvergangenheit , lit. pre-past ) is used in the same way, usually in the nachdem sentence. The Plusquamperfekt is formed with Partizip Perfekt (Partizip II) of the full lexical verb, plus a haben auxiliary haben or sein in its preterite form, depending on the full lexical word in question.
- Nachdem ich aufgestanden war , ging ich in Badezimmer.
- "After I woke up, I went to the bathroom."
When using a capital verb, one can use a capital verb in preterite or auxiliary ( haben for all modals):
- Es hatte regnen mÃÆ'¼ssen.
- "Ran out of rain.
- Ice musste geregnet haben.
- "That must. PRET rain has ."
There is a drastic shift in meaning among these variants: the first sentence indicates that "it has been necessary" to rain in the past. The second sentence shows that the speaker assumes that the rain has fallen.
Dutch
In the Netherlands, pluperfect (Voltooid verleden tijd ) is shaped the same as in Germany: voltooid deelwoord combined with an additional declination of hebben or zijn i>, depending on full lexical verbs: VoIPat erg is owned, is het al twaalf uur geworden . - Before I know it, it's two o'clock in the afternoon . In addition, pluperfect is sometimes used rather than presenting the perfect one: Dat has ik al gezien (voordat jij het zag) - lit.: < i> I have seen it (before you do it) . The excluded part is implied and, therefore, can be omitted.
Swedish
In standard Swedish, pluperfect ( pluskvamperfekt ) is similar to pluperfect in a number of other Germanic languages, but with slightly different wordings, and is formed in the form of preterite ha ( have in English), ie hade ( have in English), plus the supine form of the main verb: NÃÆ' Jr jag kom dit < b> hade han gÃÆ'  ¥ tt hem - When I got there he had gone to my house Romance language
In French, the indication of pluperfect ( Plus-que-parfait , "more than perfect") is formed by taking the appropriate form of the imperfect indicative of auxiliaries avoir or ÃÆ'ªtre and add the past participle, j'avais mangÃÆ' Â © .
In Italy there are two pluperfects in the indicative mood: recent pluperfect ( trapassato prossimo ) and remote pluperfect ( trapassato remoto ). The pluperfect was recently formed in accordance with France by using imperfect of the appropriate additional verbs ( essere or avere ) plus the past participle. For example, Ero affamato perchÃÆ' Â © non avevo mangiato I am hungry because I have not eaten. The remote pluperfect is formed using the preterite of the appropriate additional verbs plus the past participle. In Italian consecutio temporum, trapassato remoto should be used for completed actions in clauses subject to clauses whose verbs are in preterite.
- Example (remote pluperfect): "Dopo che lo ebbi trovato, lo vendetti". (After I found it, I sold it)
- Example (latest pluperfect): "Dopo che lo avevo trovato, lo vendevo". (Once I find it, I'll sell it)
The second example may refer to an event occurring continuously or habits in the past. (I.e. "Once I find it, I'll sell it" OR "Once I find it, I'll sell it"). The first example, being a preterite, only refers to one-sided action in a remote past, or a distant past.
In Spain there are also two pluperfects (as in Italian, French, Catalan and Portuguese), to be the exact pluperfect ( pluscuamperfecto or antecopretÃÆ' © rito ) and so called < i> pretà © rito anterior (or antepretÃÆ' © rito ). While the first uses the imperfect verbs of the extra verb haber plus the past participle, the last formed with a simple past of haber plus the past participle. For example, in pluperfect Comido heat cuando mi madre vino (I have eaten when my mom comes), but in pretà © rito anterior Hube comido cuando mi madre vino (I have eaten when my mom comes).
In Galician and Portuguese, there is synthetic pluperfect ( mais-que-perfeito or antepretÃÆ' Â © rito ). For example, Quando cheguei, soube que o meu amigo morrera 'When I came, I discovered that my friend had died'. However, in Portuguese, its use has become largely literary, and especially in oral communication, pluperfect is usually formed by using additional verbs ter plus past participle. For example, Quando cheguei, soube que o meu amigo tinha morrido . A more formal way to express pluperfect uses the verb "haver". For example: Quando cheguei, soube que o meu amigo havia morrido . This periphrastic construction is not allowed in Galician.
In Judeo-Spain, a Latin pluperfect form with slight changes has been maintained (eg final/m/and/t/dropped) to express this tension ( pluskuamperfekto ), which is identical in form to an imperfect subtitle. It has a shape similar to the Portuguese, so the Portuguese example above in Jidyo is, Kuando yegÃÆ' suve to mi haver morera 'When I came, I knew that my friend had died '. This remains the primary oral form, although in some varieties, similar to Spanish or Portuguese, pluperfect is formed using an additional verb tener or aver plus past participle. For example, Kuando yegà © suve to mi haver tuve morido or Kuando yegÃÆ' suve to mi haver avÃÆ'a morido .
In Romania, pluperfect ( mai mult ca perfect ) is expressed without the word auxiliary, using a special form of the verb, derived from subjunctive pluperfect Latin. (compare the Italian subtitle imperfectly Sembrava che non-verbs venisse with Romanian pluperfect Pârea c? Elsa nu venise ). For example, in CÃÆ' Â ¢ nd l-am ÃÆ'®ntrebat, el v? Zuse deja filmul 'When I asked him, he had seen the movie'. The verb v? Zuse is in pluperfect form of a vedea 'to see'. Technically, this form is obtained from a single third person form of simple perfect tense by adding a special termination for each person and number. However, in northern Transylvania there is a regional way to declare pluperfect (which may reflect German influence). The pluperfect is presented by combining an additional verb fost or a short version of "fo" "(=" is "in English or" war "in German) with the participle, which (quite difficult to explain) expressed in its feminine form. Example: "o fost foast?" (or "o fo 'foast?") = he used to; "am fost v? zut?" = I have seen; "Or fost venit?" = they are coming.
Slavic languages ​​
In some Slavic languages, pluperfect is no longer used or rarely used; the meaning of pluperfect is often expressed by using the usual past tense, with some adverbs (such as "previous") or other periphrastic constructions to indicate previous events.
The Ukrainian and Belarusian languages ​​maintain a different pluperfect ( ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? > - davn'omynulyj? as or zapro? y? as ) formed by preceding verbs with buv / bull in Ukrainian and by? / by? a in Belarus (literally, 'is'). That and still used in daily speech, especially in rural areas. Since it was largely unused in the literature during the Soviet times, its popularity is now back. Here's an example of usage: Ja v? E buv p ?? ov, a? raptom zghadav... (Ukrainian) and Ja ?? o by? paj? o?, times raptam zhada? (Belarusian) I'm almost gone when I remember...
In Slovenian, the pluperfect ( predefenclik , 'before the past') was formed with the verb 'to be' (biti) in the past and participle of the main verb. It is used to show past completed actions before other actions ( Pred nekaj leti become bile vode poplavile vsa nabre? Ja Savinje , 'Some years all the banks of the Savinja River have been flooded) or, with the verb verb capitalized, the past events that should have been ( Moral bi bills , 'I should have told you'). Its use is considered ancient and rarely used even in literary language.
In Poland there is no pluperfect except texts written in or imitating Old Polish, when it is formed with the perfect past (tense) of by? "to be" and past participle of the main verb. The person's sign can be moved, e.g. zrobi? by? em ~ zrobi? em by? "I already do". The past tense of the adjective verb ( powinienem by? "I should do it") and conditional atmosphere ( zrobi? Bym by? "I will do it") is often wrongly considered as a pluperfect form.
In Serbian and Croatian languages, pluperfect ("pluskvamperfekt") is constructed with the past form ("perfekt") of the verb into ("biti") plus the adjective of the main verb. For example: "Ja sam bio u? Io", which means, "I have learned".
In Bulgaria, pluperfect ( ?????????????????????????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????? ????> ??? (being) and the perfect active participle of the main verb.
For examples of pluperfects in Bulgarian and Macedonian, see the table below.
Other languages ​​
In Welsh, pluperfect is formed without additional verbs, usually by interpolation -as- before simple simple endings: parhasem , "we remain".
In Irish, perfect forms are built using the idea of ​​being (or has) after doing something. In pluperfect, bh Æ'omar tar ÃÆ' Â © is imeacht , "we have gone", literally, "we are chasing".
In Finnish, pluperfect ( pluskvamperfekti ) is built with additional verbs olla 'to be', which in the past tense. The main verb gets the past participle -nyt/-nut in singular, -etral in plural form ('n' assimilates with a particular consonant) and -the/-third/-tu/-ty in passive form.
Table form
Different perfect construction
In Germany and France there is an additional way to build pluperfect by doubling the perfect tense particles. This is called perfect doubled perfect ( doppeltes Perfekt ) in German and plus past perfect ( temps surcomposÃÆ' â € <â € <Â © ) in French. This form is not commonly used in written language and they are not taught in schools.
Both languages ​​make it possible to build a past tense with a capital verb (like English "to have", in German "haben", in French "avoir"), for example "I have heard it". This is mostly equivalent to use in English. The extra perfect strain is built by placing the capital verb ("to have") in the past tense as if it were a full verb ("I have") followed by the actual verb in the last particle mode ("I have heard I t"). The same applies to verbs that require "to be" (Deutsch "sein", French "ÃÆ'ªtre") as a capital verb for the construction of the past tense (which will not work in English).
In spoken languages ​​in Southern Germany, multiple double construction sometimes replaces the German Standard pluperfect construction.
In France it is not uncommon in the North (with Parisian influence) but can be found extensively in the ProvenÃÆ'§al dialect as well as in other regions around the world. In all regions, multiple pluperfect ("I've heard it") is not uncommon though it may be - all of these forms emphasize the perfect aspect by extending the verb capital so that multiple pluperfects will add to the pluperfect in other parts of the speech.
- German: Ã, Ich habe ihm geschrieben gehabt (instead of hatte ihm geschrieben )
- German: Ã, Ich hatte ihm geschrieben gehabt (double pluperfect emphasis)
- French: Ã, Il auuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuuu (instead of Il avait dÃÆ' Â © jeunÃÆ' Â © )
- French: Ã, Il eu fini de dÃÆ' Â © jeuner (extra emphasis on perfect aspect)
See also
- Fully conditional
- Grammatical aspects
- Perfect (grammar)
- Progressive Pluperfect
References
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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