Swimming is an individual or team sport that requires the use of arms and legs to move the body through water. The sport takes place in a swimming pool or open water (eg, in the sea or lake). Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports, with long-range events in butterflies, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle, and individual styles. In addition to these individual events, four swimmers can take part in a freestyle or medley relay. Swimming each stroke requires a special set of techniques, and in competition there are different rules regarding acceptable forms for each individual stroke. There are also rules about the types of swimwear, hats, jewelry, and injury bands that are allowed in the competition. While it may be possible for competitive swimmers to bring in some injuries from the sport - such as tendinitis in the shoulder or knee - there are also some health benefits associated with exercise.
Video Swimming (sport)
Histori
Evidence of recreational swimming in prehistoric times has been found, with the earliest evidence coming to the Stone Age paintings of about 10,000 years ago. Date of written reference from 2000 BC, with some of the earliest references to swimming including Iliad, Odyssey, Bible, Beowulf, Al-Quran and others. In 1538, Nikolaus Wynmann, a professor of German, wrote the first book on swimming, The Swimmer or A Dialogue on the Art of Swimming (Der Schwimmer oder ein ZweigesprÃÆ'¤ch ÃÆ'¼ber die Schwimmkunst).
Swimming emerged as a competitive leisure activity in the 1830s in the UK. In 1828, the first indoor pool, St George's Baths opened to the public. In 1837, the National Swimming Society held a regular swimming competition in six artificial pools, built around London. Recreational activities grew in popularity and by 1880, when the first national government agency, the Amateur Pool Association was formed, there were already more than 300 regional clubs operating throughout the country.
In 1844, two Native American participants at a swimming competition in London introduced a future cruise to a European audience. Sir John Arthur Trudgen took a hand-over stroke from several native South Americans and successfully debuted in 1873, winning local competition in the UK. Strokes is still regarded as the most powerful for use today.
Captain Matthew Webb was the first person to swim in the English Channel (between England and France), in 1875. Using chest-style techniques, he swam to a 21.26 mile (34.21 km) channel in 21 hours and 45 minutes. His achievements are not replicated or exceeded for the next 36 years, until T.W. Burgess crossed in 1911.
Other European countries also form federation pools; Germany in 1882, France in 1890 and Hungary in 1896. The first European amateur swimming competition was in 1889 in Vienna. The world's first women's swimming championship was held in Scotland in 1892.
Swimming men became part of the first modern Olympics in 1896 in Athens. In 1902, the Australian Richmond Cavill introduced a free style to the Western world. In 1908, the world swimming association, FÃÆ' Â © dation Internationale de Natation (FINA), was formed. Women's pool was introduced to the Olympics in 1912; The first international swimming meeting for women outside the Olympics was the 1922 Women's Olympics. Butterflies were developed in the 1930s and were originally a variant of breaststroke, until it was accepted as a separate style in 1952.
Maps Swimming (sport)
Competitive swimming
Competitive swimming became popular in the 19th century. The goal of a high-level swimming competition is to break personal or world records while defeating competitors in any given event. Swimming in a competition must create the smallest resistance to get maximum speed. However, some professional swimmers who do not hold national or world rankings are considered the best in terms of their technical skills. Typically, an athlete undergoes a training cycle in which the body is overloaded by working in the early and middle segments of the cycle, and then the workload decreases in the final stage when the swimmer approaches the competition.
The practice of reducing exercise in the days before an important competition is called tapering. The final stage is often referred to as "shaved and tapered": the swimmer shaves off all open hair to reduce drag and has a leaner and more hydrodynamic impression in the water. In addition, the method of "shaving and taper" refers to the removal of the top layer of "dead skin", which shows newer and richer skin underneath. It also helps "shave" just a few milliseconds of your time.
Swimming is an event at the Summer Olympics, where male and female athletes compete in 16 respected events each. The Olympic event was held in a 50 meter pool, called the long swimming pool.
There are forty private swimming events officially recognized in the pool; But the International Olympic Committee admits only 32 of them. The international body for competitive swimming is the FÃÆ' Â © dation Internationale de Natation ("International Swimming Federation"), better known as FINA.
Open water
In open water swimming, where the event is swimming in open water bodies (lakes or seas), there are also 5 km, 10 km and 25 km events for men and women. However, only 10 km events are included in the Olympic schedule, again for men and women. Open water competitions are usually separated with other swimming competitions with the exception of the World Championships and the Olympics.
Swim style
In a competitive pool, four major styles have been established. It has been relatively stable over the last 30-40 years with minor improvements. They:
- Butterflies
- Back Style
- Chest Style
- Free style
In competition, only one of these styles can be used except in the case of an individual medley, or IM, consisting of all four. In this last event, swimmers swim with equal butterfly distance, then backstroke, chest style, and finally, freestyle. In the Olympic competition, the event is held in two distances - 200 and 400 meters. Some short course competitions also include 100 meters or 100 meters IM - especially, for younger or newer swimmers (usually under 14 years old) involved in pool clubs, or swimming masters (over 18).
Dolphin kick
Since the 1990s, the most drastic change in swimming is the addition of undersea dolphins. This is used to maximize speed at the beginning and after alternating in all styles. The first successful use was by David Berkoff. At the 1988 Olympics, he swam most of the 100m backstroke race underwater and broke the world record in the distance during the introduction. Another swimmer to use this technique was Denis Pankratov at the 1996 Olympics in Atlanta, where he completed nearly half of the 100m butterfly underwater to win a gold medal. In the last decade, American competitive swimmers have shown the most use of underwater dolphin kicks to make a profit, especially Olympic champion and World Medal Michael Phelps and Ryan Lochte; Yet today swimmers are not allowed to go farther than fifteen meters under water because of the rule of change by FINA. In addition, FINA announces in 2014 that a single dolphin kick can be added to the chest withdrawal before the first chest kick.
While the dolphin kicks are mostly seen in mid-range freestyle shows and in all spacing styles of backs and butterflies, it is not usually used for the same effect in freestyle sprinting. That changed with the addition of so-called "technical" outfits around the European Short Course Championships in Rijeka, Croatia in December 2008. There, Amaury Leveaux set a new world record of 44.94 seconds in 100m freestyle, 20.48 seconds at 50m free style and 22.18 in 50 m butterfly. Unlike other competitors in the show, he spends at least half of every race submerged using a dolphin kick.
Competition pool
The World Swimming Championships must be 50 meters long (160 feet) long and 25 meters (82 feet) wide, with ten lines labeled zero to nine (or one to ten in some pools: zero and nine (or one and ten) usually left empty in semi final and final); the track must be at least 2.5 meters (8.2 feet) wide. They will be equipped with an initial block at both ends of the pool and most will have Automatic Pioneer Tools, including touch pads for timing and sensors to ensure the legality of a relay takeover. The pool should have a minimum depth of two meters.
Other pools that organize events under FINA regulations are required to meet some but not all of these requirements. Many of these pools have eight, or even six, not ten tracks and some will be 25 meters (82 feet) long, making it a short path. The world record set in a short course set is kept separate from that set in the long swimming pool as it may be advantage or disadvantage for the swimmer to have more or less change in the race.
Seasons
Competitive swimming, from club to international level, tend to have autumn and winter competing in short swimming pools (25 meters or yards) and spring and summer competing in swimming pools (50 meters) and in open water.
In international competitions and in the swimming clubs in Europe, the short season (25m) runs from September to December, and the long season (50m) from January to August with open water in summer. These rules are slowly brought into competition in North America.
From now on, at clubs, schools, and colleges swimming in the United States and Canada, short courses (25 yards) last longer season, from September to March. The long season takes place in a 50-meter pool and runs from April to late August with open water in summer.
At the Australasia swimming club, the short season (25m) runs from April to September, and the long season (50m) from October to March with open water in the summer.
Outside the United States, the meter is the standard in short and long swims, with the same distance swimming in all events. In America's short course season, 500 yards, 1000 yards, and 1650-yard freestyle events are swimming as the yard is much shorter than a meter (100 meters equals 91.44 meters), while during the American long season 400 meters, 800 meters, and a 1500-meter freestyle event is a swum.
Starting every swim season race in a short course allows for short distance races for beginner swimmers. For example, in the short season if a swimmer wants to compete with the stroke they have just learned, a 25-yard/meter race is available to them, compared to a long season when they should be able to swim at least 50 meters from a new stroke to compete.
Official
There are several types of officials, which are needed to manage the competition.
Referee : Referees have full control and authority over all officials. The referee will enforce all FINA rules and decisions and will have a final answer to all questions relating to the concrete action of anything regarding the meeting, as well as the final settlement not covered by the rules. The referee takes overall responsibility to run the meeting and make a final decision on who wins each race. The referee summoned the swimmer to the block with a short blast of his whistle. This is a signal for swimmers to stand next to their blocks. Then the referee will blow the long whistle that will tell the swimmer to step on the block. For backstroke events, the long whistle is a signal for the swimmer to jump into the water. The referee will then blow the other long whistle, signifying the swimmers to take the gutter or the block handles provided. Eventually the referee will hand the rest to the starter by pointing his hand to the starter.
Starter : The starter has full control of the swimmer from the moment the referee steers the swimmer toward him until the race begins. A beginner starts the race by saying, "Take your mark." At this point, the swimmers will go into the stationary position where they want to start their race. After all swimmers take their stationary positions, the starter will press the button on the initial system, signaling the start of the race with a loud noise (usually beep or horn) and flash from the spotlight. The starter sends the swimmer off the block and can call the wrong start if the swimmer leaves the block before the starter sends them. A starter may also choose to remember the race after the start for any reason or ask the swimmer to "stand up", "relax" or "resign" if he/she believes that (a) certain swimmers have experienced early profit injustices.
Officers of course : Officers of course (also called "bullpen") collect swimmers before each event, and are responsible for organizing ("hatching") swimmers into their time-based heating. Heats are generally favored from the slowest to the fastest, where swimmers who do not have an earlier time for an event are considered the slowest. Course officers are also responsible for recording and reporting swimmers who have chosen to "scratch" (not swim) their events after they register or qualify for the semifinals or finals. Officers are also responsible for enforcing pool meeting rules if a swimmer chooses not to show up ("No show" - NS) of his shows.
Timer : Each timer takes the swimmer's time on the path assigned to him. Unless the video backup system is in use, it may be necessary to use the full timekeeper apparatus even when the automatic inactivation equipment is used. A timekeeper assigns a seating position to all the timers and tracks he or she is responsible for. In most competitions there will be one or more timekeepers per lane. In international competitions where complete automated time-setting and video placement are timers used may not be necessary.
Bend Inspector : A bend inspector is assigned to one or more lanes at each end of the pool. Each round inspector ensures that the swimmer obeys the relevant rules for turning, as well as relevant rules for starting and completing the race. The turning inspector must report any violations to the disqualification report detailing the events, line numbers, and violations submitted to the turning chief inspector who will promptly deliver the report to the referee.
Stroke Judge : The stroke judge is located on each side of the pool. They followed the swimmers during their swim back and forth across the pool. They ensure that rules related to the designated swimming styles for the event are being observed, and observe the turns and ends to assist the turning inspector.
Complete the judge : Complete the judge to determine the finish order and make sure the swimmer completes according to the rules (two hands simultaneously for breaststroke and butterfly, behind for backstroke, etc.)
If an official observes a swimmer breaking the rules about a stroke he is swimming, officials will report what they have seen to the referee. The Referee may disqualify (or DQ) any swimmer for any breach of any rule which he himself observes or for a violation reported to them by any other competent authority. All disqualifications are subject to the decision and discretion of the referee.
Those who are disqualified may choose to protest their disqualification. The protest is reviewed by an official panel, not a deck referee or a stroke judge who may have made an initial disqualification report.
Swimwear
- Swimsuit
- Competitive swimwear trying to fix bare skin for excellence and speed coverage. In 2009, FINA regulations and regulations were changed and clothes made with polyurethane were banned because they made the athletes lighter. These rules also prohibit clothing that goes above the navel or under the knee for men and clothes that pass over the shoulder or cover the neck for women.
- Swim hats
- Swimming cap (cap a.k.a) makes swimmer hair away from the road to reduce drag. Hats may be made of latex, silicon, spandex or lycra.
- Goggles
- Goggles keeps water and chlorine out of the eyes of swimmers. Glasses can be stained to ward off the glare in the outdoor swimming pool. Prescription glasses can be used by swimmers who wear corrective lenses.
- Swim Fins
- The rubber fins are used to help kick faster and build strength and technique, but are illegal in the race. They also improve the technique by keeping the foot in the right position while kicking.
- Drag the clothes
- Swimmers use drag clothing in exercises to increase resistance. This allows the swimmer to be challenged even more when practicing and letting the swimmer feel less resistance during the race. Drag clothes are not used in competitive competitions.
- Hand paddles
- Swimmers use this plastic device to build arm and shoulder strength while perfecting hand pulling techniques. Hand paddles stick to hand with rubber pipe or elastic material. They come in different shapes and sizes, depending on the swimmer's preference and hand size.
- Kickboard
- Kickboards are foam boards that swimmers use to support the upper body weight as they focus on kicking. Kicking is the only leg movement that helps improve the leg muscles for future strength.
- Drag the buoy
- Often used at the same time as the oars, pull the buoy to support the swimmers' feet (and prevent them kicking) as they focus to draw. Pull buoys are made of foam so it floats in water. Swimmers hold them between thighs. They can also be used as kickboards to kick harder.
- Ankle bands
- Increasing the balance will minimize the need for this kick to provide upwards, not forward vectors, and in some cases actually fix the kick. Using ankle band will have the immediate effect of turning off your kick, which then forces you to make an effort to improve your balance. If you manage to find this, then ankle band has done some of its work.
- Snorkel
- Snorkeling is a plastic device that helps swimmers breathe while swimming. This equipment helps the practicing swimmers keep their heads in one position, along with training them for proper breathing techniques to breathe through the mouth and out of the nose. This technique is the opposite of the common runner's breath pattern, which is in the nose and out of the mouth.
- Tempo trainer
- The beep clock attached to the swim cap or goggles helps to maintain the tempo or speed of a particular arm. Because every beep is heard, the next stroke, or the blow cycle, must be taken.
- Zoomer
- Type of fin swimming pool rubber, magnifying cutting fins with holes in the bottom. They help make quicker swim kicks, but with the cost of working harder.
Apparel Swimming Pool
Brands like Arena, Speedo, Nike, and Adidas are popular brand of bathing suits. The most durable material for regular swimming is Polyester. The main difference between competition and regular swimwear is a tighter competition swimsuit and tidying muscle swimmers. Ordinary swimwear are easier to wear and more comfortable for leisure activities.
Men
Swimwear is the most widely used practice for men including pants and jammers. Men generally swim barechested.
There was controversy after the Beijing Olympics in 2008 when many Olympic swimmers broke an unprecedented record using revolutionary bathing suits that covered their entire legs. To highlight this problem, in 2008, 70 world records broke down in one year, and 66 Olympic records were broken in one Olympics (there was a race in Beijing where the first five players swam faster than the old world record).
On January 1, 2010, men are only allowed to wear clothes from waist to knee. They are also only allowed to wear one swimsuit; they can not wear shorts under the jammer. This rule came into effect after controversy at the Beijing Olympics and the World Championships of Rome.
Female
Women wear one-piece suits with thicker and higher backs for competition, although two-piece clothes can also be worn during practice. Backs vary mainly in rope thickness and geometric design. The most common styles include: racerback, axel back, corset, diamondback, and butterfly-back/Fly-Back. There are also different length styles: three-quarter length (reaches knee), common length (shoulder to hip), and bikini style (two pieces). On January 1, 2010, in competition, women must wear clothing that is not over the shoulders or knees.
Use of drag
Tight clothes are used to increase water resistance against swimmers to help them practice for the competition. Other forms of drag use include nylon, old clothes, and T-shirts: articles that increase friction in the water to build strength during training, and thus increase speed as soon as drag items are eliminated for competition.
Many swimmers also shave off exposed skin areas before the end of season competition to reduce friction in the water. The practice gained popularity after the 1956 Olympics, when Murray Rose and Jon Henricks came shaving and won gold medals for Australia. The newly shaved skin is less resistant when in the water. In addition, a study in 1989 showed that shaving improved the overall performance of swimmers by reducing barriers.
Wearing a drag suit during exercise also improves mental performance during the competition. Drag makes swimmers feel slower and more resistant when practicing with extra friction. Then on the day of the competition, a shaved swimmer wears only a competitive outfit that will quickly feel an increase in how fast and smooth they feel in the water.
The disadvantages of using drag settings include precise stroke depletion. This is due to the swimmer's own fatigue. When the swimmer becomes more tired, different muscle groups become more tired. As a result, the swimmers will try to involve other muscle groups to do the same, which can lead to decreased stroke efficiency.
Elite and international pool
The elite and international pools comprise the highest level of competition available to swimmers, including competitions such as the Olympics and the FINA Aquala World Championships.
Professionalism
Swimming creates a mixture of levels, including: fully professional, semi-professional, and amateur. Completely professional swimmers will usually earn a good salary from their national bodies and from outside sponsors, semi-professionals, small salaries from their national bodies, and amateurs do not receive funds. Beyond this major championship prize money is low - the 2015 FINA World Cup series has a total prize fund of $ 3,000 per race split between the top three and 2014-15 $ 2014 Grand Prix Series $ 1,800 compared to a World Aquatics Championships 2015 fund of $ 60,000 per race split between the top eight.
Outdoor swimming pool
Open water pools swim outside the regular pool, usually on the lake, or sometimes the sea. The popularity of the sport has grown in recent years, especially since the 10 km open water event was added as an Olympic event in 2005, contested for the first time in the 2008 Beijing Olympics.
Recent technology has recently developed swimwear that is much faster. Full body clothes have been banned, but the swimmers at the top level still wear clothing that has been put together because the stitches create barriers. The disadvantage of these outfits is that they are often uncomfortable and tight, and can easily be torn if not handled with care.
The largest Ocean Swim in terms of number of participants is in Australia, with Pier to Pub, Cole Classic, and the Melbourne Swim Classic all with about 5000 swimming participants.
Sports changes
Swimming times have declined over the years due to superior training techniques and new technical developments.
The first four Olympics are not held in swimming pools, but in open water (1896 - Mediterranean, 1900 - Seine river, 1904 - artificial lake, 1906 - Mediterranean). The 1904 Olympic free-style race is the only one ever measured at 100 yards, not the usual 100 meters. The 100-meter pool was built for the 1908 Olympics and sits in the middle of the main stadium's oval track and field. The 1912 Olympics, held at the port of Stockholm, marked the beginning of electronic time.
Male swimmers wore a full body suit until the 1940s, which caused more obstacles in the water than their modern swimwear experience. Competition outfits now include fabric engineering and design to reduce the resistance of swimmers in the water and prevent athlete fatigue. In addition, over the years, the design of the swimming pool has reduced its barriers. Some design considerations allow the reduction of swimming resistance, making the pool faster. These include proper depth of pool, current removal, increased lane width, energy absorbing racing pathways and gullies, and use of other innovative hydraulic, acoustic, and illumination designs. There have been major changes in starting blocks over the past few years. The starting blocks are usually small, narrow, and straight, but over time they become bigger and wider and now the surface of the block is tilted toward the pool. In addition, the initial block now has a wedge which is a sloping platform, located at the back of the main block. This allows swimmers to adopt a squatting position at a 90 degree angle and push faster with the hind legs to increase their launching strength.
The 1924 Summer Olympics were the first to use a standard 50 meter pool with a marked path. In freestyle, swimmers initially plunge from the walls of the pool, but dive blocks were included at the 1936 Summer Olympics. The fall turn was developed in the 1950s and the glasses were first used in the 1976 Olympics.
There was also a change in the late 20th century in engineering. The chest hackers are now allowed to dip their heads entirely underwater to glide, allowing for longer strokes and faster times. However, breaststrokers should lift their heads at the completion of each cycle. In addition, a lock-pull hole at the beginning and chest rotation has been added to help accelerate the stroke. There are several other changes recently added as well. From the start and turn, the chest collectors are allowed to do butterfly kicks to help improve their speed. Backstrokers are now allowed to light their stomachs before walls to "flip-turn". Previously, they had to reach out and flip back and that variation, known as a "bucket turn" or "suicide turn", is sometimes used in individual medley events for the transition from back to chest style.
Recordings
The foundation of FINA in 1908 marked the commencement of the first official world record record in swimming. At that time, records can be made in swimming pools with a length not less than 25 meters, and records are also accepted for long distance distances from remote events. Today's World Records will only be accepted when the time is reported by Automated Permissions Equipment, or Semi-Automatic Display Equipment in the event of Auto System Attachment failure.
Records in events such as 300, 300, 1000, and 1000 m freestyle, 400 m backstroke, and 400 m and 500 m breaststroke are no longer ratified from 1948. Further abolition of 500Ã, yd and 500 m freestyle, 150 m style back, and relay 3ÃÆ'â € "100 m from the list of records occurred in 1952.
In 1952, the national federations of the United States and Japan proposed to the FINA Congress the separation of records achieved in the long run and short term, yet it was four years before the action came into force with Congress deciding to keep only records kept in the 50 m pool as a list of records the official world.
In 1969 there were thirty-one events in which FINA recognized the official world record - 16 for men, 15 for women - very similar to the schedule of events used in the Olympics.
The increased accuracy and reliability of electronic time devices led to the introduction of one hundred seconds to the time record of 21 August 1972.
Recording in a short swimming pool (25 m) was officially approved as a "short world record" from March 3, 1991. Prior to this date, the time in a short swimming pool (25 m) was not officially recognized, but was considered "the best time world "(WBT). From 31 October 1994 times in the 50 m backstroke, breaststroke, and butterfly were added to the list of official records.
FINA currently recognizes world records in the following events for men and women.
- Freestyle: 50m, 100m, 200m, 400m, 800m, 1500m
- Backstroke: 50m, 100m, 200m
- Chest style: 50 m, 100 m, 200 m
- Butterflies: 50m, 100m, 200m
- Individual Medley: 100 m (only short course), 200 m, 400 m
- Relays: 4ÃÆ' â € "50m freestyle relay (short course only), 4ÃÆ' â €" 100m freestyle, 4ÃÆ' â € "200m freestyle, 4 ÃÆ' â €" 50m medley relay (short course only) 4ÃÆ' â € "100m medley
- Mixed relay (team of two men and two women): 4ÃÆ' â € "50 m mixed freestyle (short course only), mixed freestyle 4ÃÆ' â €" 100 m (only long course), 4ÃÆ' â € "50 m mixed medley (short course course), 4ÃÆ' â € "100 m mixed medley (just long course)
Historical breakthrough
- shows an example that can not be determined
Health benefits
Swimming is a healthy exercise that can be done for a lifetime. It is a low-impact exercise that has several mental and physical health benefits, and can be a recreational activity. Swimming builds endurance, muscle strength, and cardiovascular fitness.
The US Census Bureau reports that two and a half hours per week of aerobic physical activity such as swimming can reduce the risk of chronic illness. Along with this, swimming is associated with better cognitive function, lower risk of type 2 diabetes, lower risk of lower blood pressure, and lower stroke risk. People can usually exercise longer in the water than on land without increased effort, and minimal joint or muscle pain.
General injuries
Due to rotation and continuous use, the shoulder (rotator cuff) is the joint most susceptible to injury to the swimmer. In contrast to one incident, injury to rotator cuff in swimmers is the result of recurrent and excessive trauma. The joint is most vulnerable to injury when the arm is repeatedly used in a position above the horizontal. This position occurs in each of the four motion pools in each arm cycle. Of the four muscles and rotator cuff tendons, injuries, or tears, are most likely to occur in the supraspinatus tendon. The cuff collector rotator is due to pressure on the cuff rotator of the shoulder blade when the arm is raised.
The best way to prevent injuries is to diagnose this problem early. Usually, poor technique and excessive use without rest are the main causes of injury. Through communication between swimmers, trainers, parents, and medical professionals, any problems can be diagnosed before a more serious injury. In addition, proper heating and strength training exercises must be completed before strict gestures.
In treating rotator cuff injury, the most important factor is time. Because the nature of the joint is primarily stabilized by muscles and tendons, the injury must be completely cured to prevent recurrence. Returning to swimming or other exercises that demand too soon will likely result in tendon degeneration that eventually leads to rupture. During the rehabilitation period, focus should be placed on rotator cuff and scapular strengthening.
See also
References
External links
- International Swimming Federation - international governing body.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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