Uses of English verb forms

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This article describes the use of various verb forms in modern standard English. These include:

• Unlimited verb forms like go , run and go
• Irregular shapes like go , go and disappear
• The combination (catenae) of such a form with a help verb, such as will and be lost

Considered uses include tense expressions (time references), aspects, moods and modalities, in a variety of configurations.

For details on how inflectional verb forms are produced in English, see English verbs. For clause grammar structures, including wording, see the syntax of the English clause. For certain other specific topics, see the articles listed in adjacent boxes. For non-standard dialect forms and antique shapes, see individual dialect articles and articles, you.

Video Uses of English verb forms

An induced form of verb

Typical English verbs may have five different forms of inflection:

• The basic or usual form ( go , write , climb ), which has several uses - as infinitive, imperative, present subjunctive, and present indicative except for a single third person
• Form -s ( run , write , climb ), used as indicative currently in third person single
• past or preterite ( gone , write , up )
• Past participle ( gone , written , up ) - this is identical to the past tense in the case of regular verbs and some irregular ones ( here the first two irregular verbs and the usual third)
• The form -ing ( go , writing , climb ), is used as the current participant, gerund, and (de) verbal noun

The verb be has a larger number of different forms ( me , is , is , is , is , etc.), while the capital verb has a more limited number of forms. Some forms of be and certain other auxiliary verbs also have a contracted form ( ' s , ' re , < i> already , etc.).

For full details of how these induced verb forms are produced, see English verbs.

Maps Uses of English verb forms

Verbs in combination

In English, the verb often appears in combinations containing one or more additional verbs and the nonfinite (infinitive or participle) form of the main verb (lexical). As an example:

Dog barks very loudly.

My hat has been cleared .

Jane no does not really like us.

The first verb in such a combination is a finite verb, the rest is nonfinite (although a construction where even the main verb is nonfinite is also possible - see Ã,§ The perfect nonfinite construction and progressive below). Such combinations are sometimes called compound verbs; More technically they can be called catenae verbs, because they are generally not the strict grammatical constituents of the clause. As the last example shows, the words that make up this combination do not always remain in order.

For details of forming such constructions, see the syntax of the English clause. The use of different types of combinations is described in the detail section of this article. (For other types of combinations involving verbs - items like continue , stay away and break up - see Phrasal verbs.)

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Tenses, aspect and mood

As in many other languages, the means by which English expresses three categories of tense (time reference), aspects and moods are somewhat aggregated (see tension-aspect ambience). Unlike languages ​​like Latin, English has only a limited means of expressing these categories through verb conjugations, and tends to express them periphrastically, using the combination of verbs mentioned in the previous section. Tenses, aspects and moods that can be identified in English are described below (although the terminology used differs significantly between authors). Note that in general use, especially in English teaching, a combination of tense-atmosphere-atmosphere situations such as "present progressive" and "conditional perfect" are often referred to simply as "tenses".

Tenses

Attend

Present tense is used, in principle, to refer to current circumstances (or during periods that include current time). But the same form is often also used to refer to future circumstances, as in "He comes tomorrow" (because this is sometimes referred to as the present future or nonpast ). For a particular grammatical context in which present tense is the standard way to refer to the future, see conditional sentences and dependent clauses below. It is also possible for present tense to be used when referring to no specific real time (such as when telling a story), or when recounting past events (the present, especially common in the title language). Current perfection intrinsically refers to past events, although it can be considered to indicate especially the current situation generated rather than the event itself.

The present form of time has two moods, indicative and subjunctive; when no mood is specified, it is often the intended indication. In the current indicative construct, finite verbs appear in their basic form, or in the form of -s if the subject is a single third person. (The verb be has the form i , is , is , while the capital verb does not add - s for a single third person.) For the current subjunctive, see English subtitle. (Sub-tasks that do not now have a special relationship with the current time, and sometimes just called subjunctive, without specifying tension.)

For specific uses of the current tense construction, see the sections below on the present simple, progressive presentation, present perfect perfect and present progressive.

Past

Past forms reveal a state that existed at some time in the past, although they also have certain uses in referring to hypothetical situations (as in some conditional phrases, dependent clauses and expressions of desire). They are formed using finite verbs in the form of preterite (simple past).

Certain uses of the past form may be referred to as subjunctive; But the only difference in the verb conjugation between the indicative past and the subjunctive past is the possible use of being in the subjunctive where is . For details, see English subjunctive.

For the specific use of past tense constructions, see the sections below in the past that are simple, progressive past, perfect past and perfect progressive past. Note also that in certain contexts, past events are reported using the present perfect (or even another present present tense form - see above).

Future

English is sometimes described as having a tense future, though because the upcoming time is not specifically expressed by verb inflection, some grammarians only identify two forms of words (present or present, and past). English "future" usually refers to a periphrastic form involving additional verbs will (or sometimes be when used with a first person subject; see must and will ). There are also other ways to refer to future circumstances, including the construction of going , and the use of the current tense form (see above). For a particular grammatical context in which the present time substitutes for the future, see conditional sentences and dependent clauses below. For a discussion and comparison of various ways of making future references in English, see the future going-go .

For the specific use of future constructions formed with will/will , see the sections below about the future of a simple, progressive future, a perfect future and a perfectly progressive future.

Future-in-the past

"Tense (or form)" in the future "is sometimes referred to.It basically needs the same form as the conditional, that is, made by using a helper will (or sometimes should be in the first person; see will i> and be ).

This form has a future-in-the-past meaning in sentences like He knows that he will win the game. Here the whole sentence refers to some past certain time, but will win refers to the time in the future relative to the time in the past. See Future tense Ã,§ A relative tense expression involving the future.

For specific uses, see the sections below referring to conditionals (simple conditional notes, Ã,§ Conditional conditional, Conditionally perfect Ã, § Notes, Ã,§ Conductive progressive perfect).

Aspect

Simple

The form of the verb "Simple" is the words that appear in the construction that are not marked for the progressive or perfect aspect ( I go , I do not go , I go i>, i will go , etc, but not i will or i have gone ).

Simple construction usually shows one action (perfect aspect), as in Brutus kills Caesar , repetitive actions (custom aspects), as in I go to school , or a relatively permanent state, as in We live in Dallas . They can also show a temporary state (imperfect aspect), in the case of a stative verb that does not use a progressive form (see below).

For a simple specific use of construction, see the sections below in today's simple, simple past, simple future, and simple conditional.

Progressive

The progressive aspect or continuous is used to indicate a temporary action or situation that started in the past and continues to the present time (or other reference time). This is expressed by using an additional verb form for (conjugated properly for tense etc.) along with the present participle form ( -ing ) of the main verb: I am read ; Do you yell ? ; He will sit there .

Certain stative vowels restrict the use of progressive aspects. Their nonprogressive forms (perfectly simple or nonprogressive constructs) are used in many situations even when expressing a temporary state. The main types are described below.

• Popular verbs become usually do not use progressive shapes ( I'm happy , not * I'm happy ). But its progressive aspect is used in the right situations when the verb expresses a passive voice ( We are being followed ), and when it means "behave" or "act as" ( you are being very naughty ; He became a pest ).
• The verb to have does not use a progressive form when expressing ownership, is widely understood ( I have a brother , not * I have a brother, but it's using it in the active sense ( I'm having a party he has a baby ; He has trouble starting his car ). See also has got below. Other verbs that express ownership or similar status, such as own , belong , own and owe , are also done usually do not use progressive forms.
• Verbs mental states, sense perceptions and the like ( know , believe , want , think , see , hear , necessary , etc.) are generally used without progressive aspects, although some of them can be used progressively to imply sustained, often temporary situations (< i> I feel lonely ), or activities ( I'm thinking of problems ). See also can see below.
• Verbs that show position status usually do use progressively if the state is temporary: He stands in a corner. (Compare the permanent situation: London stands on the banks of the River Thames. )

For the specific use of progressive construction (sustainable), see the sections below for progressive progressive, progressive past, progressive future, and progressive conditional. For progressive infinitive, see Ã,§ Perfect and progressive nonfinite construction. For a combination of progressive aspects with the perfect ( he has read ) see the perfect progressive.

Perfect

The perfect aspect is used to indicate the state of an action being completed at a given time. It is stated using an additional verb form have (precise conjugated for tense etc) along with the past participle of the main verb: He ate it ; We left ; When will you finish ?

Perfect forms can also be used to refer to customary circumstances or actions, even if incomplete, if the focus is on the time period before the point of reference ( We have lived there for five years ). If such a condition is temporary, perfection is often combined with the progressive aspect (see following section).

The implications of the current perfection (something that happened before the present moment) are similar to the simple past, although the two forms are generally not used interchangeably - the simple past is used when the reference time frame is in the past. , while it is now perfectly used as it extends to date. For details, see the relevant sections below. For all the use of a perfectly specific construction, see the sections below in perfect perfect, perfect, perfect future of future and perfectly conditional.

By using the nonfinite form of auxiliary have , the perfect aspect can also be marked on the infinitive (as should have left and expect to have been finished work ), and to participants and gerund (as in after viewing doctors ). For the use of the form, see the sections below about the perfect and progressive nonfinite construction.

Note that while all the constructs referred to here are usually referred to as perfect (based on their grammatical form), some of them, especially those that are not examples and nonfinite, may not be considered truly expressive of the perfect aspect. This applies especially when perfect infinitives are used in conjunction with a capital verb: for example, he can not be a genius might be considered (based on the meaning) to be a past form of he can not/can not be a genius ; such forms are regarded as true perfect forms by some linguists but not others. For the meaning of such constructions with various modals, see English capital verbs.

Perfect progressive

A perfect and progressive (continuous) aspect can be combined, usually in reference to the completed sections of completed action or temporary state: I have been working for eight hours . Here the form of the verb have (signifies the perfect) is used in conjunction with the been (past participle of be , signifies progressive) and the participle presentle of the main verb.

In the case of a stative verb, which does not use the progressive aspect (see the top of the progressive), a perfectly smooth form is usually used as a perfectly progressive substitute: I've been here for half an hour. (not * I'm here... ).

For perfect use of perfect perfect (perfect continuous) construction, see the sections below in progressive progressive progressive, perfect progressive, progressive progressive progressive and perfectly conditional progressive. For perfect progressive infinitives, participants and gerunds, see Ã,§ Perfect and progressive nonfinite construction.

Moods

Indicative

The indicative atmosphere, in English, refers to a finite form of the verb that is not marked as subjunctive and not necessarily conditional. They are the verbs usually found in the main clauses of declarative sentences and questions formed from them, as well as in most dependent clauses (except for those who use subjunctives). Indicative information is often omitted when referring to it: this simple indicative is usually referred to simply as a simple gift, etc. (Except some contrasting moods, such as between indicative and subjunctive, pertinent to the topic).

Subjunctive

Certain types of clauses, mostly clauses, use verb forms identified with subjunctive moods. The current subtask takes a form identical to an empty infinitive, as in Needs that he is curbed . There is also a subjunctive past, different from indicative only in possible use is where is in certain situations: If I is you,...

For details of the formation and use of English subjunctive forms, see English subtitle.

Imperative

An independent clause in the imperative mood uses the basic form of a verb, usually without a subject (although your subject can be added for emphasis). Negatives using perform - support (ie not or not ). As an example:

Now eat your dinner.

You go and stand there!

Never ever pronounce the word again.

This type of sentence is used to give instructions or commands. When they are used to make requests, the word please (or any other linguistic tool) is often added for decency:

Please by the salt.

First person imperatives (cohortatives) can be formed with let us (usually contracted to let's ), such as "Let's go". Third-person imperatives (jussives) are sometimes formed together, with let , like "Let him be released".

More details can be found in Imperative mood articles.

Conditional

Conditional mood status in English is similar to that in the future: it may be assumed to exist as long as the category of mood does not need to be morphologically marked. Conditional English is expressed periphrastically with the verb form arranged by additional verbs going (or sometimes should with a single subject of the first person; see should i> and will ). The capital verb can is also sometimes used as a conditional (from can ).

In certain uses, conditional construction with will/should also be described as "future-in-the-past".

For specific conditional construction uses, see the sections below on conditional conditional conditional, conditional progressive, perfect conditional and fully progressive conditional, as well as parts about conditional sentences (and main article on English conditional sentences).

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Active and passive voice

The active voice (in which the verb subject is understood to indicate the actor, or agent, of the action is represented) is an unmarked voice in English. To form a passive voice (in which the subject indicates the perpetrator, or patient, action), the periphrastic construction is used. In the canonical form of passivity, the form of the additional verb be (or sometimes get ) is used, together with the past participle of the lexical verb.

Passive voices can be expressed in combination with tenses, aspects and moods, by precisely marking the addition (for which this is not a stative verb, that is, having the progressive form available). As an example:

This room is tidied on a regular basis. (passive now simple)

It's already received . (past perfect passive)

Dinner being cooked now. (now passive progressive)

The use of these various passive forms is analogous to the combination of tense-aspect-mood mood in the active voice.

Certain passive forms of combinations involving progressive aspects are scarce; this includes the perfect progressive current ( has been written ), the perfectly progressive past ( it has been written ), the progressive future ( it will be written ) , a perfectly progressive future ( it will have been written ), a progressive conditional ( it will be written ) and a perfectly progressive conditional ( it will be written ). Due to the awkwardness of this construction, they may be paraphrased, for example using the expression in the process ( it has been in the process written , it will be in the written process , and similar).

For more details on passive construction, see passive English.

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Negatives and questions

Verbs negation usually occurs with the addition of the instead of particles (or the short form not ) to an additional or copular verb, with do - the support that used if there are otherwise no extras. However, if the sentence already contains a negative word ( never , no , etc.), then there is usually no additional not .

Questions (interrogative constructs) are generally formed by the use of additional-subject inversions, again using do - support if there is no addition. In a negative question, is it possible to reverse just by addition ( should we not help? ) or with the contracted negation ( do not we have to help? ).

For full details on negotiation and question formation, see do -support, English auxiliary and contraction, and the Negation and Questions section of the Grammar article.

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Venture capital

English has a capital verb can , can , be , maybe , must , should , be , be , be , and also (depending on the classification adopted) should (to) , dare , need , have (better) , used (to) . This does not add -s to a single third person, and they do not form infinitives or participants; the only inflections they undergo are to some extent can be , maybe , should and be functioning as preterites ( past tenses) from can , maybe , will and be respectively.

The verb capital can serve as a finite verb that introduces the catena verb, as in he may have been hurt then . This generally reveals some form of modalities (possibilities, obligations, etc.), though will and be (and sometimes should and be ) can serve - among other uses - to express future time references and conditional moods, as described elsewhere on this page.

For details of the use of capital verbs, see English capital verbs.

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Use of a combination of verbs

A simple past

The simple simple past, or sometimes just called, preterite, consists of the past from the verb (ending with - ed for regular verbs, and formed in various ways for the irregular - see English verbs for details). In most questions (and other situations requiring inversion), when negated, and in a specific assertion, a periphrastic construction consisting of doing and a naked infinitive of the main verb is generally used instead - see do - support.

A simple past is used for one event in the past, for past habits, or for the past:

He took money and ran .

I visit them every day for a year.

I know how to fight even since childhood.

However, for ongoing actions at the intended time, progressive ones are usually used instead. For a stative verb that does or does not use progressive aspects when expressing a temporary state, see Progressive Aspects. For usage can see in place view etc, see Has and can see below.

The simple past often approaches the perfect meaning of the moment. A simple past is used when the event is conceived as occurring at a certain time in the past, or during periods that ended in the past (it does not survive to this day). This timeframe can be explicitly stated, or implicit in context (eg the past form is often used when describing the sequence of past events).

I was born in 1980.

We turned off the oven two minutes ago.

He places the letter on the table, sighs , and leaves the house.

For further discussions and examples, see Ã, § Serve perfectly below.

Various compound constructs exist to demonstrate past habits. The sentence When I was little, I played football every Saturday might be phrased using used for (... I used to play... ) or using will (... i will play... ).

Simple past is also used without reference in the past in some examples: in clause conditions and some other dependent clauses referring to a hypothetical state (see conditional sentences Ã, § Note and Ã, § clauses hanging below), and after expression of desire certain. For the past subjunctive ( located where is ), refer to subjunctive English. For the use of the past tense in indirect speech and similar contexts, see Ã,§. Indirect speech below.

Past progressive

Progressive construction or the past continues combines the progressive aspects with the past tense, and is formed using the past tense be ( or < i> is ) with the participle presentle of the main verb. It shows the ongoing actions in the past that are being considered:

At three o'clock yesterday, I was working in the garden.

For static verbs that do not use progressive aspects, a simple past is used instead ( At three o'clock yesterday we are in the garden ).

Progressions are often used to denote an action that is interrupted by an event, or for two actions that occur in parallel:

When I washed the dishes, I heard a loud voice.

While you're doing the dishes, Sue is walking dog.

(Interrupted actions in the past also can sometimes be represented using the perfect progressiveness in the past, as described below.)

Previous progress can also be used to refer to past actions that occurred during the time span and are viewed as ongoing situations:

I are working in the garden all day yesterday.

It can also be expressed using a simple past, like I work... , which implies that the action is seen as an event of unity (although its effective meaning is not very different).

The progressive past shares certain particular uses with other past tense constructions; see Conditional Sentence Ã,  Notes, Ã, § Dependent clauses, Expression desires Ã, § Notes, and Ã,§ Indirect speech.

Past perfect

The , sometimes called pluperfect , incorporates a past tense with the perfect aspect; this is formed by merging the has (past form of auxiliary have ) with the past participle of the main verb. This is used when referring to events that occur before the time frame is considered. This time frame can be expressed explicitly, as the stated time or time of other past acts:

We have completed the job at 2 o'clock.

He has gone gone when we arrived.

The time frame can also be understood implicitly from the previous or later context:

I was eating... I have invited Jim to eat, but he can not attend. (I invite him before I start eating)

I have lost my path. (ie this happens before the time of the past event I described or will describe)

Compare He left when we arrived (where his departure preceded our arrival), with a form with a simple past, He left when we arrive (where his departure coincides with or immediately after our arrival).

Note that unlike today's perfect, perfect past can be easily used with adverbs that determine the time frame of the past for the event. For example, when it's not true to say * I did it last Friday (usage last Friday , specifies the past, will require a simple past rather than perfect present) such objections to sentences like "I did it the previous Friday".

A perfect past can also be used for recurring events or events over a period of time in the past, especially in declaring "for how long" or since when. "However, if the state is temporary and the verb can be used in progressive aspects, progressivity perfect in the past will usually be used instead. Some examples with a perfectly plain past:

I have stayed in the house for 10 years.

Children have in their room since lunch hour.

For other specific uses of the perfect past, see Conditional Sentences Ã, § Notes, Ã,§ Hanging clauses, Expression desires Ã, § Notes, and Ã,§ Indirect speech.

Progressive perfect past

The or past perfect continuous (also known as pluperfect progressive or pluperfect continuous) combines the perfect progressive aspect with the past tense. It is formed by combining has (past tense aids have ), been (past participle of be ), and the present participant of the main verb.

The perfect progressive use of the past is analogous to the current perfect progressiveness, except that its reference point is in the past. As an example:

I'm tired because I have been running .

On yesterday morning they have been working for twelve hours.

Among the witnesses was John Smith, who has been living in the hotel since July 10th.

This form is sometimes used for past actions that are interrupted by some events (compare the progressive use of the past as given above). As an example:

I has done my novel when he entered the room to talk to me.

This implies that I stopped working when he entered (or has quit some time before); a plainly progressive past ( I'm at work... ) will not always carry this implication.

If the verb in question does not use the progressive aspect, then it must be plain used instead (see example in the previous section).

Progressive perfect in the past may also have extra similar utility similar to perfect in the past; see Conditional Sentence Ã,  Notes, Ã, § Dependent clauses, Expression desires Ã, § Notes, and Ã,§ Indirect speech.

Simple presentation

The simple present or present is simply a form that combines a present tense with a "simple" (incomplete or progressive) aspect. In the indicative mood it consists of the basic form of the verb, or the form -s when the subject is a single third person (the verb being using my form, is , is ). However, with the nonauxiliary verb it also has a periphrastic form consisting of do (with a single third person doing ) with a naked infinitive of the main verb - this form is used in question ( and other clauses requiring inversion) and negation, and sometimes for emphasis. For details, see do -support.

The main use of simple gifts is given below. Other examples can be found in the Simple present article.

• To refer to actions or events that occur regularly. Such use is often accompanied by adverbial frequencies and adverbial phrases such as always , often , from time to time and never >>. Example:

I always take a bath .

He writes for a living.

This is in contrast to the current progressive, which is used for actions that occur at this time.

• With a static verb in the sense of not using progressive aspects, to refer to current or general circumstances, whether temporary, permanent or custom. (In the senses that use the progressive aspect, this simple is used when it is permanent or custom.)

you happy .

I know what to do.

Denmark is located to the north of Germany.

• When quoting someone or something, even if the words were spoken in the past (usually very new):

The label says "Only external usage".

Mary says she is ready.

• To refer to a completed action, such as in telling a story's incident in the present time (see historical prize), and in the context of a newspaper title, where it replaces current perfection. :

In Hamlet , Ophelia sink in the stream.

40 years winning gold medal.

• Sometimes to refer to events that are set in the future, usually with a time reference:

We depart to Berlin tomorrow at 1pm.

• In providing comments about events that occur, or in describing some sequences of theoretical events:

I cut chives and add into the mix.

According to the manager's new idea, I welcomed the guest and you gave the presentation.

• In many dependent clauses referring to the future, especially the clause of conditions, clauses stating the place and time, and many relative clauses (see Ã, § Clauses dependent below):

If he finds your candy, he will eat it.

We will report as soon as we receive any information.

• In certain situations in the provisional adverbial clause, rather than progressively current:

We can see the light getting better when we talk .

In everyday English it is common to use can see , can hear for present tense of see , hear >, etc., and have for present tense have (denoting ownership). See can and can see below.

For the current subjunctive, see English subtitle. For the use of a capital verb (which can be considered as a simple current example) see English capital verbs.

Progressive presentation

The present progressive or present continuous form combines present tense with progressive aspect. Thus it refers to an action or event that is considered to have a limited duration, which occurs at this time. It consists of a simple gift form from being along with the present participle of the main verb and ending -ing.

We are cooking dinner now.

This often contrasts with simple gifts, which express repetitive or habitual actions ( We cook dinner every day ). However, sometimes continuous is used with always , generally to express resentment about custom acts:

You always make a mess in your research.

Certain stative vowels do not use progressive aspects, so simple is now used instead in such cases (see Ã, § Progressive Aspects above).

Current progress can be used to refer to future planned events:

We are tidying up the attic tomorrow.

It also appears with future reference in many conditions and time clauses and other dependent clauses (see Dependent clause below):

If she is sleeping when you arrive, wake her up.

I will finish the job while the children are playing .

It can also refer to something that happens not always at the time of speech, but is currently being considered, in the case of the narrative or narrative described in the present tense (as mentioned above is simple):

The king and queen were having a conversation when Hamlet entered.

For possible present subjunctive presentive, see English subjunctive.

Comes perfectly

The perfect present (traditionally called simply perfect ) combines present tense with the perfect aspect, which indicates the current state of an action being solved, ie, that the action took place before this. (This is often close to the meaning of the simple past tense, although both are usually not interchangeable.) It is formed by the present form of the auxiliary have (ie have or has ) and past participle of the main verb.

The choice of present perfect or past tense depends on the reference frame (period or point of time) in which the event is understood as occurring. If the reference frame extends to the present, it is now perfectly used. For example:

I have written this morning's mail. (if it's still morning)

He has produced ten plays. (if he's alive and professionally active)

They never traveled abroad. (if they are alive and are considered to be able to travel)

If the terms of reference are time in the past, or periods ending in the past, past tense is used instead. For example: I am writing this morning mail (now afternoon); He produced ten plays (he is now dead or his career is considered excessive, or a certain period of time in the past is being referred); They never travel abroad (same). Look under Simple ago for more examples. The simple past is commonly used when events have a specific time period - either explicitly stated ( I wrote a book in 1995 ; boiling water a minute that then ), or implied by the context (for example, in the event sequence narrative). Therefore it is usually not true to write a sentence like * I have written a novel yesterday ; current perfection can not be used with past expressions like yesterday .

With already or not , call traditional usage for the current perfection: Have you eaten? Yes I have eaten. However, today's informal American speech tends to use a simple past: Have you eaten? Yes I have eaten.

Perfect current use often draws attention to the current consequences of past actions or events, which are contrary to actual events. The sentence he has come may mean he is here now, while the simple past he comes is not. Sentence, "Have you been to the fair?" shows that the fair is still going on, while the phrase, "Are you going to the fair?" can mean fair is over. (See also already and missing below.) Some more examples:

I have eaten . (implying that I'm no longer hungry)

We have made dinner. (implying that dinner is now ready to eat)

Weather getting overcast. (meaning now more cloudy than before)

It may also refer to ongoing circumstances or custom actions, especially in saying for how long , or from when , something happens. For example,

I have stayed in Paris for five years.

He has held a record since he won the Olympic gold.

We eat breakfast with each morning since our honeymoon.

It implies that I still live in Paris, that he still holds the record and that we still eat together every morning (although the first sentence may also refer to an unspecified five-year period). When it is temporary, the perfect progressive current is often appropriate in such sentences (see below); however, if the verb is a word that does not use the progressive aspect, the present perfect base is used in that case too:

Amy has swung for ten minutes.

Current perfection may refer to a customary state, or a state which is part of the theoretical narrative or story given in the present form of time (provided the circumstances are events that have occurred before):

Every time I get home, John has has usually arrived .

According to the plan, the already already already is delivered when the cake is brought out.

Current perfection can also be used with future reference, not a perfect future, in a dependent clause in which future events are denoted by the present tense (see Dependent clause below). As an example:

When you have written it , show it to me.

For the possibility of a perfect subjunctive presence, see the English subtitle. For the special use of the perfect present of get to express ownership or obligation, see have got below. To use has where has gone , see have and missing below.

Perfect progressive presentation

Present perfectiveive (or present present continuous) constructs combine some of these perfectly progressive aspects with present tense. It is formed with the present tense of have ( have or have ), past participle of be ), and the participle presentle of the main verb and ending? -ing?

This construction is used for ongoing actions in the past that have continued into current or recently completed:

I have written this newspaper all morning.

Why are his eyes red? She cried .

This is often used when stating for how long , or since when , something happened:

He has been working here since 1997.

How long has been you sitting there?

They have been arguing about it for two weeks.

In these sentences the action is still continuing, but it is a part of the past of those under consideration, so the perfect aspect is used. (The phrase without the perfect aspect, like sit here for three hours , implies the intention to take action for that time period.) With a verb not used in progressive, and for situations that are perceived to be permanent, the perfect (not progressive) is used instead; for this example see Ã,§ perfect Present above.

Simple future

The term simple future , simple in the future or unlimited in the future , as applied to English, generally refers to a combination of words modal mode work will with empty infinitive of the main verb. Sometimes (especially in more formal or ancient English) will be preferred over when subject > us ); see must and be for details. Auxiliary is often contracted to 'll ; see English aides and contractions.

This construction can be used to show what the speaker sees as a fact about the future, including a convincing prediction:

The sun will rise tomorrow at 6:14.

It will rain this weekend.

This can be used to describe future circumstances subject to several conditions (see also Conditional Sentences):

He will exist if he can.

But English also has another way of referring to the circumstances of the future. For planned or scheduled actions, progressive or simple present can now be used (see the section for an example). There is also a future going-to , common in everyday language, which is often used to express intentions or predictions ( I will write a book someday ; think it will rain ). The use of construction will/will when expressing intentions often shows spontaneous decisions:

I know! I will use this book as a stop door.

Compare I will use... , which implies that the intention to do so has been around for some time.

The use of present tense rather than future constructions in clauses of certain conditions and certain dependent clauses is described below under Conditional Sentence Ã, § Notes and Ã, § Dependent clauses.

The capital verb will and must also have other uses besides indicating future time references. As an example:

I will pass this exam. (often expressing determination other than the future)

You will obey me! (insistence)

I will not do it ! (negative pressure, rejection)

I currently will tolerate there are no disagreements. (strong will)

He has not eaten all day; he will be hungry now. (confident speculation about current)

One of his mistakes is that he will make no need to be troublesome. (custom)

Should us get to work? (suggestions)

For more examples see be and required in articles about capital verbs, and articles should and be .

Progressive future

The progressive future or a sustainable future combines progressive aspects with future time references; it is formed with additional be (or must in first person; see will and be ), bare infinitive be , and the present participle of the main verb. It is used primarily to show that an event will take place at a certain point in the future:

I'm taking tomorrow on my driving test tomorrow.

I imagine we will have meal when you arrive.

Common limitations apply to both future and progressive uses: simple rather than progressive aspects are used with some static verbs (see Progressive Aspects Ã,  Note), and now than future constructs are used in many dependent clauses (see Ã,§ Conditional Cases and Ã, § Clauses dependent below).

The same construction may occur when be or should be given one of the other uses (as described under Simple Future Ã,§), for example:

He will sit in his current workroom. (confident speculation about current)

The perfect future

a perfect future combines the perfect aspect with the future time reference. It consists of additional will (or sometimes be in the first person, as above), naked infinitive has , and past participle of the word main work. It indicates the action to be completed shortly before the time of future perspective, or ongoing action continues into the future of perspective (compare the current perfect use above).

I finished my essay on Thursday.

When I finally searched for him, he would throw away the evidence.

Next year we will live in this house for half a century.

For present tense usage rather than future construction in certain dependent clauses, see the Conditional Ã, § Note and Ã, § Dependent clauses below.

The same construction can occur when be or should be given one of the other meanings (see below Ã,§ Simple future); as an example:

He will have his tea now. (confident speculation about current)

You have completed this assignment on my return, is that understood? (give instructions)

The perfect progressive future

The a perfectly progressive future or a perfectly continuous future combines a perfectly progressive aspect with future time reference. This is formed by combining the auxiliary will (or sometimes shall , as above), empty infinity have , past participle has , and the present participant of the main verb.

The perfect future progressive usage is analogous to today's perfect progressiveness, except that its reference point is in the future. As an example:

He will be very tired because he will work all morning.

At 6 o'clock we will drink for ten hours.

For the use of present tense as a substitute for future construction in a particular dependent clause, see the Conditional Ã, § Note and Ã, § Dependent clauses below.

The same construction can occur when the auxiliary (usually will ) has one other meaning, mainly revealing the confident assumptions about the present:

There is no chance of finding him now; she ' ll has been drinking all day long.

Simple conditional

The simple conditional or conditional , also called is present conditional , and in some sense the past in the simple past >, formed by combining the auxiliary modal will with the naked infinitive of the main verb. Sometimes (especially in formal or ancient English) must be used in place be when the subject is the first person ( me or us ), in the same way that will be substituted will in that case; see will and be . Auxiliary is often abbreviated as 'd ; see English aides and contractions.

Simple conditionals are used primarily in the main clauses that are accompanied by implicit or explicit conditions ( if -clause). (This is explained in more detail in the article on the English conditional sentence, see also § The conditional sentences below.) The intended time may be (hypothetical) now or in the future. As an example:

I will go tomorrow (if he asks).

If I were you, I would see a doctor.

If he buys the stock, he will be rich now.

In some types of English, be (or 'd ) is also regularly used in if - denotes itself ( If You will leave now, you will be punctual ), but this is often considered nonstandard. This is widespread especially in oral American English in all registers, though not usually in more formal writing. There are also situations where will be used in if -clauses in English English too, but this can usually be interpreted as capital use be (eg < i> If you listen to to me occasionally, you might learn something ). For more details, see conditional English sentences § Use of will and will be in clause condition.

For use will after the verb desire and expression if only , see Ã,§ Expectation expression.

Auxiliary verbs can and may can also be used to indicate conditional moods, as in the following:

If there is an opportunity here, I can do the job. (=... I'll be able to do that...)

If there is an opportunity here, I might do the job. (=... maybe I will...)

Forms with will may also have a meaning of "future in the past":

We moved to the cottage in 1958. We will live there for the next forty years.

See also indirect speech Ã,§ Notes and Ã,§ The clause depends. For other possible meanings will and be (and be and possible ), see the relevant section of the Language modal verb English.

Progressive conditional

Conditional (present) progressive or conditional continous combining the conditional mood with progressive aspects. It combines the will (or contractions ' d , or sometimes should in the first person, as above) with the infinitive blank to and the current participant of the main verb. It has similar uses to a simple conditional (above), but is used for an ongoing (usually hypothetical) action or situation:

Today she will be exercising if not for injury.

He will not work today if he is given a break.

It can also have a future-in-the-past meaning:

We did not know we would wait another three hours.

For use will in terms of clauses, see Conditional Simplified Ã, § The above note (see also Ã, § Conditional Sentence and Hanging clause Ã, § Note below). For use in indirect speech construction, see Ã,§. Indirect speech. For other uses of construction with be and should , see English capital verbs. For general information on conditionals in English, refer to English conditional sentences (as well as § Conditional Sentences below).

Conditional perfect

Perfectly conditional constructions combine the conditional atmosphere with the perfect aspect, and consist of going (or contractions ' d , or sometimes sometimes must in the first person, as above), infinitive naked have , and past participle of the main verb. This is used to denote conditional situations associated with the past, usually contrary to facts.

I will set additional places if I know you're coming.

I will set additional places (but I do not because someone says you will not come). (implicit condition)

For possible use will in its own clause conditions, see Simple conditional notes (see also Ã, § Clauses dependent below). For more information on conditional construction, see Ã, § Conditional sentences below, and English conditional sentence articles.

The same construction may have the meaning of "future in the past" (see Indirect Speech). For other meanings will and should , see English capital verbs.

Conditional progressive perfect

The conditional perfect progressive or conditional perfect continuous construction incorporates a conditional mood with a perfectly progressive aspect. It consists of be (or sometimes must in the first person, as above) with empty infinitive have , past participle already and the current participant of the main verb. This generally refers to an ongoing conditional situation in the hypothetical past (usually counterfactual):

I will sit in that chair if I'm not late for the party.

Similar considerations and alternative forms and meanings apply as noted in the above section on other conditional constructions.

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Have and view

In everyday English, especially English English, the current perfect verb from the verb get , that is already or already there , often used instead of Ind

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