An ax (English English, [hindi]] or ax (American English; see spelling difference) is a tool that has been used for thousands of years to form, separate, and cutting wood; harvesting timber; as a weapon; and as a ceremonial symbol or symbol. The ax has many forms and special uses but generally consists of an ax head with a handle, or helve .
Before the modern ax, stone hand axes were used from 1.5 million years of BP without a handle. It was then tied to a wooden handle. The earliest examples of axes handled have a stone head with some form of wooden handles attached (bonded) with methods appropriate to available materials and uses. The axis made of copper, bronze, iron and steel emerged as this technology was developed. Axis usually consists of the head and the handle.
Ax is a simple machine example, because it is a kind of slice, or a double incline. This reduces the effort required by wood helicopters. This divides the wood into two parts by the pressure concentration on the blade. The ax handle also acts as a lever that allows the user to enhance the style on the cutting edge - not using the full length of the handle known as the ax throttle. For a smooth cut using side axes, this is sometimes a positive effect, but to slash with a double ax, reduces efficiency.
Generally, cutting axes has a shallow wedge angle, while the dividing ax has a deeper angle. Most of the ax has a double axle, symmetrical to the axis of the blade, but some specialist broadax have a single bevel knife, and usually an offset handle that allows it to be used to complete the job without putting the knuckles of users at risk of injury. Less common today, they were once an integral part of carpenters and carpenters, not just tools for use in forestry. A similar home appliance is billhook. However, in France and the Netherlands, billhooks often replace axes as a joint bench tool.
Most modern axes have steel heads and wooden handles, usually hickory in the US and ashes in Europe and Asia, although plastic or fiberglass grips are also common. The modern axis is devoted to use, size and shape. A swinging ax with a short handle designed for use with one hand is often called a hand ax but a hand ax refers to an ax without a handle as well. The ax tends to be a small swinging ax often with a hammer on the back side (poll). As an easy-to-make weapon, axes are often used in combat.
Video Axe
Histori
Initially the axis is stone tools called hand axes, used without a handle (hafts), and have cutting edges of stones or other stones that are cut (peeled). The axes are made with soil ends known since the Neolithic period ending 4,000 to 2,000 BC. The first known true axis of the Mesolithic period (about 6000 BC). Several wooden hullts have been found from this period, but it appears that the ax is usually hung by wedging. Birch-tar and raw-hide glaze are used to fix the blades.
Sometimes a short section of deer antlers ("antler arm") is used, which prevents the splitting of the hamster and softens the impact on the stone blade itself, helping to absorb the impact of each ax blow and reduce the likelihood of fracture. The horn was hollowed at one end to make a socket for the forehead. The horn sheath is then perforated and the handle is inserted into it or arranged in a hole made in the handle instead.
The distribution of stone axes is an important indication of prehistoric trade. A thin division is used to determine the origin of a stone knife. In Europe, the Neolithic ax "factory," in which thousands of stone axes are destroyed, known from many places, such as:
- Great Langdale, English (tuff)
- Rathlin Island, Ireland (porcellanite)
- Krzemionki, Poland (flint)
- Plancher-les-Mines, France (pelite)
- Aosta Valley, Italy (omphacite).
Stone axes are still being produced and used today in parts of Papua, Indonesia. The Hagen Mountain Region of Papua New Guinea is an important production center.
From the final Neolithic/Chalcolithic onwards, the ax is made of copper or copper mixed with arsenic. These axes are flat and many like the stone of its predecessor. The axis is continuously made in this way with the introduction of Bronze metallurgy. Eventually the hafting method changed and the flat ax developed into a "flanged ax", then the palstaves, and the ax later winged and placed.
The Proto-Indo-European word for "ax" may be * pelek'u - (Greek pelekus ???????, Sanskrit parashu >, see also Parashurama), but the word may be a loan, or Neolithic wanderwort , which is ultimately related to Sumerian balag , Akkadian behavior - Maps Axe
Symbolism, ritual, and folklore
At least since the end of the Neolithic, the elaborate ax (war ax, T-axis, etc.) has a religious significance and may indicate the noble status of its owner. Certain types almost never show traces of wear; unmade axle blade axes from the central Neolithic (as in the Somerset Level in England) may be a gift to the gods.
In Minoan Crete, double axes (labrys) have a special meaning, used by priests in religious ceremonies. This symbol refers to a chartering ceremony; part of the jump above the bull symbol also found in Crete; in which the candidate becomes capable of speaking as a god to create any reality; the symbol is the sky map.
In 1998 a labrys, complete with a highly elaborately decorated haft, was found in Cham-Eslen, Canton of Zug, Switzerland. Haft is 120 cm long and wrapped in birch bark. Ax knife 17.4 cm long and made of antigorit, mined in the Gotthard area. Haft passes through a bikonal hole drilled and tied with horn slices and by birch-tar. It belongs to the early Cortaillod culture.
In folklore, stone axes are sometimes believed to be lightning and are used to guard buildings against lightning, because it is believed (in myth) that lightning never reaches the same place twice. This has led to some ax distribution.
Steel axis is also important in superstition. A thrown ax can withstand an ice storm, sometimes ax placed in a plant, with the tip of a spear into the sky to protect the harvest from bad weather. The erect ax buried beneath the threshold of a house will keep the magician away, while the ax under the bed will convince the boys.
Basques, Australia and New Zealand have developed a rural sports variant that perpetuates the logging tradition with axes. The Basque variant, splitting logs horizontally or vertically, is generally called aizkolaritza (from aizkora : ax).
In YorÃÆ'¹bÃÆ'¡ mythology, oshe (double-headed ax) represents Shango, Orisha (god) of thunder and lightning. It is said to represent a fast and balanced justice. Shango altar often contains a figure carving a woman holding a gift to a god with a double-edged ax sticking out of her head.
The Arkalochori Ax is the bronze ax, Minoan, from the second millennium BC which is considered to be used for religious purposes. The inscriptions on this ax have been compared with other ancient writing systems.
An ax
Ax has two main components: ax head , and haft .
The ax head is usually limited by the bit (or blade) at one end, and the poll (or butt) on the other hand, although some designs display two bits opposite each other. The upper corner of the bit at which the spearhead starts is called toe , and the lower corner is known as the heel . One side of the head is called cheek , which is sometimes equipped with lugs where the head meets the haft, and the hole in which the haft is installed is called > eye . Part of the bits that descend below the rest of the ax head is called a beard, and the bearded ax is the ancient ax head with an excessive beard that can sometimes extend the tip of the spear twice high from the rest of the head.
Hammer axes (or ax-hammer) usually feature long, opposite, blade, shaped and sometimes hardened polls for use as a hammer. The name of the hammer ax is often applied to the characteristic shape of a hollow stone ax used in the Neolithic and Bronze Age. The iron ax hammer is found in the Roman military context, for example Cramond, Edinburgh, and South Shields, Tyne and Wear.
See also
- Blade
- Ware Corded Culture
- Fasces
- Nzappa zap
- Sagaris
- Kaiser Knives
- Ax killings
- Related forest terms
- Chainsaw
- Spell
- Firewood
- Trim
- Hewing
- Limbing
- Log in bucking
- Log breaker
- Logging
- Separate maul
- Carpenter
References
Further reading
- Neolithic ax
- W. Borkowski, Krzemionki mining complex (Warszawa 1995)
- P. PÃÆ'Â © trequin, La hache de pierre: carriÃÆ'¨res vosgiennes et ÃÆ' Â © change de lames polies pendant le nÃÆ' Â © olithique (5400 - 2100 av. J.-C.) (exposition musÃÆ'Â © ice d'Auxerre MusÃÆ'Â © ed 'Art et d'Histoire) (Paris, Ed. Errance, 1995).
- R. Bradley/M. Edmonds, Interpreting ax trading: production and exchange at Neolithic Britain (1993).
- P. PÃÆ' © trequin/A.M. PÃÆ'  © trequin, ÃÆ' â € ° cologie d'un outil: la hache de pierre en Irian Jaya (Indonà © son). CNRS ÃÆ' â € ° ditions, Mongr. du Center Rech. Arch. 12 (Paris 1993).
- Medieval axes
- Schulze, Andrà ©  © (Hrsg.): Mittelalterliche Kampfesweisen. Band 2: Kriegshammer, Schild und Kolben. Mainz am Rhein.: Zabern, 2007. ISBNÃ, 3-8053-3736-1
- Superstition H. BÃÆ'¤chtold-StÃÆ'¤ubli, HandwÃÆ'¶rterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens (Berlin, De Gruyter 1987).
- The section on ax types is initially based on the Quicksilver Wiki article on the wood framing glossary under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License.
- US. The Forest Service Manual
- Text on Wikisource:
- "Ax". Encyclopedia Americana . 1920. Ã,
- "Ax". New International Encyclopedia . 1905.
- "Ax". The CyclopÃÆ'Â|dia America . 1879
- "Ax". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica (issue 11). 1911.
External links
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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