Discrimination against people living with HIV/AIDS ( ' PLHIV ' , ' PLWHA ' or ' PLWHA ' ) is the experience of prejudice against ODHIV falling within the scope of the law. Discrimination is one of the manifestations of stigma, and the stigmatization of attitudes and behavior can fall under the rubric of discrimination depending on the laws of a particular country. HIV stands for human immunodeficiency virus. If left untreated, HIV can cause AIDS (acquired immunodeficiency syndrome). HIV/AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease and can not be cured, but with the right treatment, the individual can live only during the absence of the disease.
HIV/AIDS discrimination exists worldwide, including ostracism, rejection, discrimination and avoidance. The consequences of stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV can lead to low counseling and HIV testing, identity crises, isolation, loneliness, low self-esteem and a lack of interest in dealing with illness.
HIV/AIDS stigma or discrimination involves a lot of homosexuality, bisexuality, promiscuity, sex work, and intravenous drug use.
In many developed countries, there is a strong correlation between HIV/AIDS and male homosexuality or bisexuality (CDC states, "Gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men (MSM) represent about 2% of the US population, most severely affected by HIV "), and the association correlates with higher levels of sexual prejudice such as homophobic attitudes. The initial name for AIDS is gay-related immune deficiency or GRID. During the early 1980s, HIV/AIDS was "a disorder that seemed to affect primarily homosexual men".
Some serious forms of discrimination may include: excluded from employment considerations, prohibited from buying a home, paying extra money when renting housing, mandatory HIV testing without prior consent or confidentiality protection; quarantine people infected with HIV and, in some cases, loss of property when a partner dies. Unauthorized or security HIV testing can also be considered as a wrong action against those with HIV. United States disability laws prohibit discrimination against HIV/AIDS in housing, employment, education, and access to health and social services. The US Department of Housing and Urban Development for Equitable Housing and Opportunities imposes laws that prohibit housing discrimination based on actual or perceived HIV/AIDS status.
Video Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS
Kekerasan struktural
Structural violence is an important factor in the treatment of people living with AIDS. Paul Farmer argues that social determinants affect the lives of certain cultural groups alter the risk of infection and their ability to access treatment. For example, access to prophylaxis, access to antiretroviral therapy, and susceptibility to illness and malnutrition are all factors that alter the overall risk of disease due to HIV/AIDS. This has led to major differences in the rates of HIV/AIDS disease in various social/cultural groups. Farmers also argue that social intervention may be key in changing the gap in treatment between these groups of people. Educating physicians about the interaction between social life and health care will help improve injustice in health care.
Maps Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS
Research
Current research has found that discrimination against people living with HIV is a factor contributing to the delayed initiation of HIV treatment. As many as 20-40% of HIV-positive Americans do not start a treatment regimen within the first six months after diagnosis. When individuals begin treatment at the end of HIV progression (when cell CD4 cell counts are below 500 cells/ml), they have 1.94 times the risk of death compared to those whose treatment starts when the CD4 T cells are still about 500 cells/μμL. In a 2011 study published in AIDS Patient Care and STDs (sample size 215), most of the barriers to care depicted involve stigma and shyness. The most common reason for not seeking treatment is "I do not want to tell anyone that I'm HIV-positive", "I do not want to think about HIV positive", and "I'm too shy to leave". The presence and timelessness of HIV stigma prevents many people from obtaining care from the comfortable feeling of addressing their health sculpture.
Additional research found that education reduces the discrimination and stigma of HIV/AIDS in the community. A 2015 research study by the University of Malaya found that in the Nigerian population, "Educating populations with factual information about HIV/AIDS is needed to reduce stigma and discrimination against people living with HIV in the community." A survey of 56,307 men and women of varying degrees of education and socio-economic and age ranging from 15 to 49 years, found that richer and secondary post-secondary individuals were nonpartisan to PLHIV. In contrast, young adults, poor people, and men are more likely to be biased toward people living with HIV. Many people also believe that AIDS is linked to homosexuality.
However, research has found that community structures and beliefs influence the stigma of prevalence and discrimination. "The two concepts of right-wing authoritarianism and the orientation of social dominance have proven to be strong and reliable predictors of various kinds of prejudices." Similar to sexism, racism, and other forms of discrimination, beliefs are awakened and taught to look at people living with HIV as deviants and outcasts as children mature with curved views of PLHA. "To overcome the threat, one can follow a dutiful authoritarian ideology, which will make them reject other groups considered perverted and can threaten their worldview and their value system."
There are challenges for medical volunteers and nurses involved in caring for people with HIV/AIDS. In third world countries and some communities in the United States, low resource funding can make it detrimental to the success of providing appropriate care for people living with HIV who are unable to pay for health care or have no health insurance or other forms of payment. The medical nurses or volunteers may not have the proper knowledge of how to treat individuals as well, if they lack the resources and funding. In the Province, South Africa, 223 nurses were surveyed about their qualifications and knowledge about AIDS. The nurses scored in Maslach Burnout Inventory; AIDS Impact and Inventory Scale of Depression Beck. The total score of knowledge acquired by all participants ranged from 2 to 16, with an average of 12.93 (SD = 1.92) in HIV /AIDS . The emergence of the impact of PLWH on an already burdened health care workforce and predisposing nurses to stress in the workplace as they carry out their task of taking care of PLWH. Discriminatory behavior of health care workers who are expected to be more knowledgeable about epidemiology and HIV control including social aspects are not helpful. They often take extreme precautions against HIV positive clients for fear of being transmitted, and can sometimes reject HIV-positive clients of some aspects of care. This is supported by another study in which health staff are said to be worried about job exposure, with high levels of anxiety and fear when dealing with HIV-positive people.
In some countries, to prevent knowledge of people living with HIV, medical reports do not disclose HIV/AIDS studies. In Africa, the cause of one's death can be hidden in order for the policy to pay. This deviation of information does not help in the fight against the spread of HIV and AIDS. Medical volunteers, nurses, and doctors, especially in low-income areas, will disclose their status without fear of being rejected, isolated and discriminated against.
Psychological support for people living with HIV in certain countries around the world is scarce. In some places like China and Africa, PLHIV has been known to have a high level of stress because discrimination and family members contribute to stress levels among people living with HIV. Research is still underway to see whether therapy and other psychological services will be a buffer between discrimination and stress. This study highlights the importance of reducing discrimination against people living with HIV and the difficulty to reduce its negative consequences. In China, Needed to improve mental health among PLWHA in China and it is still important to be provided in PLHIV because it has a direct effect on perceived stress. PLHIV chooses not to disclose their HIV status to others, they tend to seek help from health care professionals and programs and have great confidence in outside support. Healthcare providers therefore promise a source of social support for PLWHA.
Violence
Violent or violent discrimination stops many individuals from being tested for HIV, which does not help in curing the virus.
Violence is an important factor in the treatment of people living with AIDS. Any violence against people infected with HIV or people deemed infected with HIV can greatly shut down the progress of treatment in response to disease progression. Paul Farmer argues that social determinants affect the lives of certain cultural groups alter the risk of infection and their ability to access treatment. For example, access to prophylaxis, access to antiretroviral therapy, and susceptibility to illness and malnutrition are all factors that alter the overall risk of disease due to HIV/AIDS. This has led to major differences in the rates of HIV/AIDS disease in various social/cultural groups. Farmers also argue that social intervention may be key in changing the gap in treatment between these groups of people. Educating physicians about the interaction between social life and health care will help improve injustice in health care.
Influence on society
Stigma
The stigma of HIV/AIDS has been subdivided into the following three categories:
- Instrumental AIDS stigma - a reflection of fears and fears that may be associated with deadly and contagious diseases.
- Symbolic AIDS Stigma - the use of HIV/AIDS to express attitudes toward social groups or lifestyles deemed to be related to disease.
- Stigma Courtesy AIDS - stigmatization of people related to HIV/AIDS or HIV-positive people. [4]
Research conducted in South Africa, about stigma and discrimination in the community, has found that ODHIV not only experiences high levels of stigma that negatively affect all spheres of their lives, is also psychologically disturbing. Stigma and internalized discrimination are rampant in research, but also throughout the PLHIV community. Many PLWHA in South Africa blame themselves for their current situation.
Stigma, according to the Merriam-Webster dictionary, is "a set of negative and often unfair beliefs that society or a group of people have of something". Stigma is often established by discrimination, unfeeling, and bigotry. In response, PLHIV has developed a self-addressing mindset and skills to deal with social impact versus accepting their current status and seeking help.
People who are HIV-positive often face stigma, although with the right medication it can be managed lifelong illness. It is now possible for someone with HIV to have an intimate relationship with someone who is HIV - and not transmit the disease to them. It may also be a mother who HIV does not give it to her child. In third world countries, people affected by HIV are discriminated against in their workplaces, schools, communities, and even in health care facilities. Discrimination can also increase the spread of HIV because fewer people want to be tested.
Community relations
Therefore, in countries like Nigeria, PLHIVs are less likely to disclose their HIV status, because of the impact of exclusion from their communities. "In most situations, to prevent social rejection, people living with HIV will not disclose their HIV status to avoid being isolated from participating in socio-cultural events." This causes high-risk behavior to pass the disease on to others or delay proper care. ODHIV, when switched off from their community. can feel isolated, lonely, fearful, lack of motivation, and identity problems. Stigma increases dissemination and denies HIV/AIDS medical research because social and medical support has been lost. Those people no longer feel like part of a society, which, as human beings, we need the community to be understood and desired.
Family and other intimate relationships play a role in the death rate of people living with HIV. Because of fear of isolation, ignorance, rejection, and discrimination, people will allow HIV to develop into AIDS, further lowering life expectancy, because the immune system's function will decrease significantly. The research was conducted in the children of Mvelaphanda Elementary School, in Tembisa, Ekurhuleni Metropolitan Municipality in Gauteng, South Africa. Many orphans because of the deaths of parents, have siblings of death, and even some of their own, are born with HIV. It was found through a survey that if there is no change in behavior towards HIV/AIDS than there is no change to fight the epidemic will occur. At Mvelaphanda Elementary School, their mortality rate is increasing in their children, especially young women. These women are more at risk than their male counterparts because many are involved with older men who have multiple partners and do not participate in safe sex practices. Some of these students are parents of students at school. The problem is that even when family members are informed of the cause of death, which may be AIDS, they choose to tell people that the cause of death is "witchcraft". Children and other family members tend to reject the truth and are raised with the belief that HIV and/or AIDS are not present and they are afraid of being bewitched rather than infected by the virus.
Together with family ties and intimate relationships, spiritual relationships become tense for people living with HIV. In a study conducted in western Saudi Arabia. This stigma is very deep in Saudi Arabia because Islam prohibits behaviors associated with risk factors associated with HIV transmission, such as non-marital sex, homosexuality and injecting drug use. Fear and vulnerability include fear of punishment from God, fear of being discovered as HIV/AIDS-positive and fear of the future and death. PLHIV experienced isolation and lack of psycho-social and emotional support. In response to their experience, many participants who accept their diagnosis as destiny and become more religious, use spirituality as their main coping strategy.
See also
- Criminalization of HIV transmission
- HIV equality
References
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments