Caste is a form of social stratification characterized by endogamy, inherited lifestyle transmissions that often include occupation, status in hierarchy, customary social interaction, and exceptions. Although the caste system exists in various regions, the paradigmatic ethnographic example is the division of Indian society into a rigid social group, rooted in ancient Indian history and enduring to this day; sometimes used as an analogical basis for the study of social cleavages such as castes that exist outside of India. In biology, the term is applied to role stratification in eusocial animals such as ants and termites, although this analogy is not perfect because it also involves highly stratified reproduction.
Video Caste
Etimologi
The origin of the term 'caste' is associated with Spanish and Portuguese caste, which, according to Spanish dictionary John Minsheu (1599), means "race, lineage, or breed". When Spain invaded the New World, they used the word to mean "clan or lineage". However, the Portuguese employed caste in the main modern sense as they applied it to the thousands of endogamous Indian and hereditary Indian groups they encountered when they arrived in India in 1498. The use of spelling "Caste", with this last meaning, was first proved in English in 1613.
Maps Caste
In South Asia
India
India's modern caste system is based on social groups called j? Ti and theory varna . The varnas system appears in Hindu texts dating from 1000 BC and imagines the society divided into four classes: Brahmins (teachers, scholars and priests), Kashatriya (warriors and nobles), Vaishyas (farmers, merchants) and craftsmen ) and Sudra (workers/service providers). The texts do not mention separate categories, untouchable in the varna classification. Scholars believe that the varnas system is the theoretical classification imagined by Brahmins, but never actually operates in society. Practical division of society always in terms of j? Tis (birth group), which is not based on certain principles, but can vary from ethnic origin to work. The j? Tis has become an endogamous group without a fixed hierarchy but is subject to the idea of ​​a faintly articulated rank from time to time based on lifestyle and social, political or economic status. In many instances, as in Bengal, historically kings and rulers have been called, when necessary, to mediate the ranks of j? Tis , which may amount to thousands across the continent and vary by region. In practice, j? Tis may or may not match the varna class and many prominent jatis , such as Jats and Yadavs, straddle two varna of Kshatriyas and Vaishyas, and status varna from j? tis is itself an articulation subject from time to time.
Starting with the British colonial census of 1901 led by Herbert Hope Risley, all j? Tis are grouped by category theory varnas . According to political scientist Lloyd Rudolph, Risley believes that the varna , however ancient, can be applied to all the modern caste found in India, and "[he] intends to identify and locate several hundred million Indians in it.. "The term varna (the conceptual classification by occupation) and j? Ti (groups) are two different concepts: while varna is the idealized four division of parts imagined by Twice-Borns, j? ti (community) refers to the thousands of endogamous groups that are actually prevalent across the continent. The classical authors hardly speak of anything other than varna , because it provides a convenient abbreviation; but problems arise when even linguists sometimes confuse both.
After independence from Britain, the Indian Constitution recorded 1,108 castes nationwide as a Registered Caste in 1950, for positive discrimination. Untouched communities are sometimes called Scheduled Cast , Dalit or Harijan in contemporary literature. In 2001, Dalits accounted for 16.2% of the Indian population. Most of the 15 million child laborers attached were from the lowest caste.
Independent India has witnessed caste-related violence. The Indian National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) notes crimes against scheduled casts and scheduled tribes - the most disadvantaged groups - in separate categories. In 2005, the government recorded about 110,000 reported cases of violence, including rape and murder, against Dalit For 2012, the government recorded 651 murders, 3,855 injuries, 1,576 rape, 490 kidnappings, and 214 incineration cases.
The socio-economic limitations of the caste system are diminished due to urbanization and affirmative action. Nevertheless, the caste system still exists in endogamy and inheritance, and thrives in democratic politics, where caste provides ready-made constituencies for politicians. The globalization and economic opportunities of foreign business have affected the growth of India's middle class population. Some members of the Chhattisgarh Pottere Caste Community (CPCC) are middle-class urban professionals and no more pottery makers unlike the majority of the remaining traditional rural craftsmen. The coexistence of the middle and traditional members of the CPCC has created an intersexality between caste and class. There is a caste persistence in Indian politics. Caste associations have evolved into caste-based political parties. Political parties and the state consider caste as an important factor for people's mobilization and policy development. Not caste-dominated politics; it is a politicized caste.
Nepal
Nepal's caste system is similar to the Indian system j? Ti with many divisions j? Ti with the system varna which is overlaid for roughness. But since culture and society are different, things are different. Inscriptions prove the beginning of the caste system during the Licchavi period. Jayasthiti Malla (1382-95) categorizes Newars into 64 caste (Gellner 2001). Similar exercises were carried out during the reign of Mahindra Malla (1506-75). The Hindu social code was later formed in Gorkha by Ram Shah (1603-36).
Pakistan
Religious, historical and socio-cultural factors have helped define the boundaries of endogamy for Muslims in parts of Pakistan. There is a preference for endogamous marriages based on the clan-oriented nature of people, who value and actively seek equality in the identity of social groups based on several factors, including religious affiliation, sectarian, ethnic, and clan/clan. Religious affiliation itself is layered and includes religious considerations other than as a Muslim, such as sectarian identity (eg Shia or Sunni, etc.) and religious orientation in sects (Isnashari, Ismaili, Ahmedi, etc.).
Both ethnic affiliations (eg Pathan, Sindhi, Baloch, Punjabi, etc.) and special biraderist or zaat/quoms membership are an integral component of social identity. Within the boundaries of endogamy defined by the above parameters, the close union of the relative is preferred because of the suitability of key features of the group and individual background factors as well as affinity. McKim Marriott claims a hierarchical, closed, endogamous and hereditary social stratification is widely prevalent, especially in western Pakistan. Frederik Barth in his review of the social stratification system in Pakistan argues that this is a caste.
Sri Lanka
The caste system in Sri Lanka is the division of society into strata, influenced by the textbook system varnas and j? Ti found in India. Ancient Sri Lankan texts such as Pujavaliya, Sadharmaratnavaliya, and Yogaratnakaraya and written evidence indicate that the above hierarchy applies throughout the feudal period. The repetition of the same caste hierarchy even recently in the 18th century, in the British period/Kandyan Kadayimpoth - Boundary books as well, shows the continuation of tradition to the end of the Sri Lankan monarchy.
Southeast Asia
Indonesia
The structure of Balinese caste has been described in early twentieth-century European literature based on three categories - triwangsa (three times born) or nobleman, dwij? Ti (two births) is different from ekaj? ti (once born) people are low. Four statuses identified in this sociological study, spelled slightly differently from the caste category for India:
- Brahmins - priests
- Satrias - knights
- Wesias - trade
- Sudra - slavery
The Brahmin caste is further subdivided by this Dutch ethnographer in two: Shiva and Buda. Shiva caste is divided into five - Kemenuh, Keniten, Mas, Manuba and Petapan. This classification to accommodate observed marriages between Brahmin men and higher castes with low caste women. Other castes are also equally classified by the nineteenth and early twentieth century ethnographers on the basis of many criteria ranging from profession, endogamy or exogamy or polygamy, and a number of other factors in the same way as the castas. in Spanish colonies such as Mexico, and caste system studies in British colonies such as India.
East Asia
China and Mongolia
During the Yuan Dynasty period, the Kublai Khan rulers applied the Four-Class System, which is a legal caste system. The order of four classes of people maintained by information from the descending order is: -
- Mongolian
- Pseudo
- Han people (in northern China)
- Southern People (people from the former Southern Song dynasty)
Some experts note that it is some kind of psychological indication that they had previously handed over to Mongolians, the higher social status they would have. The 'Four Class System' and its people receive different treatment in political, legal and military affairs.
Currently, the Hukou system is regarded by various sources as China's current caste system.
There is also significant controversy over Tibetan social classes, particularly those relating to enslavement in Tibetan controversies.
Japanese
In Japanese history, social strata based on inherited position rather than personal achievement, rigid and highly formalized in a system called mibunsei (???). The above are the Emperor and the court of nobility (kuge), together with the Shogun and the daimyo. Below them, the population is divided into four classes: samurai, peasants, craftsmen and merchants. Only samurai are allowed to carry weapons. A samurai has the right to kill any farmer, craftsman or merchant he feels is rude. Merchants are the lowest caste because they do not produce any product. The caste is further subdivided; for example, farmers are labeled as furiuri , tanagari , mizunomi-byakusho among others. As in Europe, castes and sub-classes come from the same race, religion and culture.
Howell, in his review of Japanese society, noted that if Western powers had invaded Japan in the 19th century, they would find and impose a hierarchy of four rigid castes in Japan.
De Vos and Wagatsuma observed that Japanese society has a systematic and extensive caste system. They discussed how alleged caste impurity and alleged racial inferiority, a concept often perceived as different, is a superficial term, and because of an identical psychological process that expresses itself in Japan and elsewhere.
Endogamy is common because cross-caste marriages are socially unacceptable.
Japan has its own untouchable caste, shunned and ostracized, historically referenced by the derogatory term Eta , now called Burakumin . While modern law officially removes class hierarchies, there are reports of discrimination against the lower classes of Buraku or Burakumin. The Burakumin is considered as "ostracized." Burakumin is one of the major minority groups in Japan, along with Ainu from Hokkaid? and people of Korean and Chinese descent. Korean
Baekjeong (??) is an untouched "Korean outcaste". The meaning of today is the butcher. This comes from the invasion of Korean Khitan in the 11th century. The defeated Khitan people who surrender are released in remote communities throughout Goryeo to prevent rebellion. They are rewarded for their skills in hunting, herding, chopping, and making skin, a common skill among nomads. Over time, their ethnic origins are forgotten, and they form the lower layers of Korean society.
In 1392, with the foundation of the Confederate Joseon dynasty, Korea set up its own indigenous class system. At the top there are two official classes, Yangban, which literally means "two classes." It consists of clerics ( munban ) and warriors ( muban ). Scholars have a significant social advantage over the soldiers. Below is jung-in (?? - literally "middle man." This is a small class of specialized professions like medicine, accounting, translator, regional bureaucrats, etc. Below that is sangmin (literally 'commoners'), farmers working in their own fields Korea also has a slave population known as nobi .Nobi populations can fluctuate to about one third of the population, but on average the nobi reaches about 10% of the total population In 1801, most of the government nobles were released, and by 1858 the noble population reached about 1.5 percent of the population.the total population of Korea The hereditary noble system was formally abolished circa 1886-1887 and the rest of the nobi system was abolished with the Gabon Reform of 1894, but the trail remained until 1930.
The opening of Korea to foreign Christian missionary activities in the late 19th century saw some improvements in baekjeong's status. However, everyone is unequal under Christian congregation, and even protests erupt when missionaries try to integrate baekjeong into worship, with non- baekjeong finding this effort is not sensitive to the traditional notion of hierarchical advantage. Around the same time, baekjeong began to reject open social discrimination. They focus on the social and economic injustices that affect them, hoping to create an egalitarian Korean society. Their efforts include attacking social discrimination by the upper classes, authorities, and "commoners," and the use of derogatory language toward children in public schools.
With the Gabo reform of 1896, the Korean class system was officially abolished. After the collapse of the Gabo government, the new cabinet, which became Gwangmu's government after the establishment of the Korean Empire, introduced systematic steps to abolish traditional class systems. One measure is a new household registration system, reflecting the purpose of formal social equality, implemented by the loyalist cabinet. While the old registration system signifies household members according to their hierarchical social status, the new system calls for occupation.
While most Koreans at the time had surnames and even bongwan, although there were still a lot of cheonmin, mostly consisting of slaves and slaves, and not touched not. According to the new system, they are then asked to fill in the blanks for family names to be listed as separate households. Instead of making their own surnames, some cheoniman take their master's family name, while others just take the most common family names and bongwannya in the local area. Along with this example, activists inside and outside the Korean government have based their vision of a new relationship between government and society through the concept of citizenship, using the term "ininn" ("people") and then, kungmin ("citizen").
North Korea
The Human Rights Committee in North Korea reported that "Every North Korean citizen is given a class of heredity-based and socio-political rank in which the individual does not exercise control but which determines all aspects of his life." Considered as Songbun , Barbara Demick describes this "class structure" as an update of the hereditary "caste system", combining Confucianism and Stalinism. He claims that poor family backgrounds are called "contaminated blood", and that according to this law "polluted blood" lasts for three generations.
Tibetan
Heidi Fjeld has argued that pre-1950 Tibetan societies are functionally a caste system, in contrast to earlier scholars who defined the Tibetan social class system as similar to European feudal bondage, as well as non-scientific western accounts seeking to romanticize an ancient Tibetan society that was considered 'egalitarian'.
Middle East
The Yezidi people are hierarchical. The secular leader is an emir or hereditary prince, while a sheikh's head leads the religious hierarchy. Yazidi is strictly endogamous; members of the three Yazidi caste, the Disciples, Shaykhs and Pears, married only in their group.
Ancient Egyptian
The Ancient Egyptians were divided into four social classes:
- nobility and nobility
- craftsmen, craftsmen and merchants
- workers
- slave
Iran
The pre-Islamic Sassanid community was complex, with a separate social organization system that organized various groups within the empire. Historians believe that society consists of four social classes:
- Priest (Persian: Asravan ?)
- Soldiers (Persian: Arteshtaran ?)
- Secretary (Persian: Dabiran ?)
- Ordinary People (Persian: Vastryoshan ?)
Yemen
In Yemen there is a hereditary caste, Al-Akhdam of African descent who is kept as a permanent manual worker. Estimates of their number in more than 3.5 million people were discriminated, of the total population of Yemen of about 22 million.
Africa
Various sociologists have reported a caste system in Africa. Specific caste systems vary in ethnically and culturally diverse Africa, but the following features are common - have become closed systems of social stratification, inherited social status, hierarchical castes, certain castes shunned while others are just endogamous and exclusive. In some cases, the concept of purity and impurity by birth has been prevalent in Africa. In other cases, such as Nigeria's Nupe , Beni Amer East Africa, and Tira Sudan, the principle of exclusion has been driven by a growing social factor.
West Africa
Among the Nigerian Igbo - notably Enugu, Anambra, Imo, Abia, Ebonyi, Edo, and Delta countries - Obinna discovered the Osu caste system has and continues to be a major social issue. Osu's caste is determined by the birth of a person into a particular family regardless of the religion practiced by the individual. Once born in the Osu caste, this Nigerian is an outcast, shunned and ostracized, with limited opportunity or acceptance, regardless of ability or reward. Obinna discusses how the identity and power associated with this caste system are used in government, the Church, and indigenous communities.
The osu class system in eastern Nigeria and southern Cameroon comes from indigenous religious beliefs and discriminates against the "Osus" people as "possessed by gods" and outcasts.
Songhai's economy is based on a caste system. The most common are metal workers, fishermen, and carpenters. The lower caste participants comprised the majority of non-agricultural employment immigrants, who at a given time were granted privileges and held high positions in the community. At the top there are nobles and direct descendants of the Songhai natives, followed by free men and merchants.
In a review of the social stratification system in Africa, Richter reported that the term caste has been used by French and American scholars for many groups of West African craftsmen. These groups have been described as inferior, who have lost all political power, have certain jobs, are hereditary and are sometimes hated by others. Richter illustrates a caste system in Cote d'Ivoire, with six subcategory categories. Unlike other parts of the world, mobility is sometimes possible in sub-castes, but not across caste lines. Farmers and craftsmen have, Richter claims, different caste. Some subcasts are shunned more than others. For example, exogamy rarely occurs in women who are born into families of woodworking craftsmen.
Similarly, Mandonese communities in Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Cote d'Ivoire, Liberia, Senegal and Sierra Leone have social stratification systems that divide communities with ethnic ties. The Mande class system considers slave jonow lower. Similarly, Wolof in Senegal is divided into three main groups, geer (freeborn/nobles), jaam (slave and hereditary slave) and lower class neeno . In various parts of West Africa, the Fulani community also has a class division. Other castes include Griots , Forgerons , and Cordonniers .
Tamari has described endogamous castes from more than fifteen West African tribes, including Tukulor, Songhay, Dogon, Senufo, Minianka, Moors, Manding, Soninke, Wolof, Serer, Fulani, and Tuareg. Caste appears among the Malinke people no more than 14 centuries, and is present between Wolof and Soninke , as well as some Songhay > and Fulani population, not more than 16 century. Tamari claims that war, like the Sosso-Malinke war described in the epic Sunjata, leads to the formation of blacksmiths and pig caste among those who eventually became the Mali empire..
As West Africa evolved over time, sub-castes emerged that gained secondary specialization or changed jobs. Endogamy is common in castes or among a number of castes, but caste does not form a demographic isolate according to Tamari. Social status by caste is inherited off-spring automatically; but this heritage is paternal. That is, the children of the higher caste men and the lower castes or the slave concubines will have the status of the father caste.
Central Africa
Ethel M. Albert in 1960 claimed that people in Central Africa were social stratification systems such as caste. Similarly, in 1961, Maquet noted that people in Rwanda and Burundi could be described as caste. The Tutsi, noted Maquet, regarded themselves as superior, with more Hutu and at least Twa considered, by birth, respectively, second and third in the Rwandan community hierarchy. These groups are largely endogamous, exclusive and with limited mobility.
Horn of Africa
In a review published in 1977, Todd reported that many scholars report social stratification systems in different parts of Africa that resemble some or all aspects of the caste system. Examples of such caste systems, he argues, can be found in Ethiopia in communities such as Gurage and Konso. He then presents the Dime of Southwestern Ethiopia, among which there operate a system that Todd claims can be firmly branded as a caste system. The Dime has seven castes of varying sizes. Every level of a wide caste is a hierarchical order based on the notion of purity, impure, and impure. It uses the concept of defilement to restrict contact between categories of castes and to keep the upper caste purity. This category of caste is exclusive, endogamous, and social identity inherited. Alula Pankhurst has published a study of caste groups in SW Ethiopia.
Among Kafa, there are also traditional groups that are labeled as caste. "Based on research conducted prior to the Derg regime, this study generally considers a social hierarchy similar to that of the caste system.At the top of this hierarchy is Kafa, followed by working groups including blacksmith (Qemmo), weavers (Shammano), bard ( Shatto), pottery, and tanner (Manno).In this hierarchy, Manjo is usually referred to as a hunter, given the lowest status that is only equivalent to a slave. "
The Borana Oromo from southern Ethiopia in the Horn of Africa also has a class system, where Wata, the acculturation hunter-gatherer group, represents the lowest class. Although Wata currently speaks Oromo, they have a tradition that previously spoke other languages ​​before adopting Oromo.
The nomadic Somali people are traditionally divided into clans, where the Rahanweyn agro-pastoral clan and clan jobs such as Madhiban have traditionally been sometimes treated as outcasts. As Gabboye, Madhiban along with Yibir and Tumaal (collectively referred to as sab ) have obtained political representation in Somalia, and their general social status has increased with the expansion of urban centers.
Europe
Basque Country
For centuries, through modern times, the majority of people consider Cagots living mainly in the Basque region of France and Spain as an inferior, untouchable caste. While they have the same skin color and religion as the majority, in churches they have to use separate doors, drink from separate fonts, and receive communion at the end of a long wooden spoon. It is a closed social system. The socially isolated calf is endogamy, and the possibility of social mobility is absent.
United Kingdom
In July 2013, the British government announced its intention to amend the 2010 Equality Act to "introduce the law on caste, including the necessary exceptions to caste provisions, within the framework of domestic discrimination law". Section 9 (5) of the 2010 Equality Ordinance states that "a Minister may by order amend the mandatory definition of race to include caste and may exempt in law to apply or not apply to caste".
From September 2013 to February 2014, Meena Dhanda leads the 'Caste in Britain' project for the UK Equality and Human Rights Commission (EHRC).
See also
- Natural plantations
- Kamaiya
- Propiska
- Social exclusion
References
Source
Further reading
- Spectre of Agrarian Territory by David Ludden December 11, 2001
- "Early Evidence for Castes in South India", p.Ã, 467-492 in Dimensions of Social Life: Essays to honor David G. Mandelbaum , Edited by Paul Hockings and Mouton de Gruyter, Berlin , New York, Amsterdam, 1987.
External links
- Auguste Comte on why and how caste evolves around the world - in The Positive Philosophy, Volume 3 (see page 55 and beyond)
- Robert Merton on Caste and The Sociology of Science
- Castes, Communities and Politics in India from Eighteenth Century to Modern - Susan Bayly
- Class in Yemen by Marguerite Abadjian (Archive of Baltimore Sun)
- International Dalit Solidarity Network: International advocacy group for Dalit tribe
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments