Pope Joan , 855-857, ( Ioannes Anglicus ), according to popular legend, a woman who reigned as pope for several years during the Middle Ages. The story first appeared in history in the 13th century and then spread throughout Europe. The story is widely believed for centuries, but most modern scholars regard it as fictitious.
Most versions of his story describe him as a gifted and educated woman who disguises herself as a man, often on the orders of a lover. In his most common account, because of his abilities, he ascended through the hierarchy of the church and was eventually elected pope. Her sex was revealed when she gave birth during the procession, and she died shortly afterwards, either through murder or natural causes. The accounts state that the church procession then avoided this place, and that the Vatican removed the pope from the official list and made a ritual to ensure that the future pope was male. In the 16th century, the Cathedral of Siena featured a statue of Joan among other whales; this was removed after the protest in 1600.
Jean de Mailly's chronicle, written around 1250, contains the first mention of an unnamed female pope, and it inspired several more accounts over the next few years. The most popular and influential version is the one interpolated into Martin from Opava's
Video Pope Joan
Legenda
The earliest mention of fictitious female whales appears in the Dominican Chronicle Jean de Mailly of Metz, Chronica Universalis Mettensis , written at the beginning of the 13th century. In his report, the pope was not named, and the event was set in 1099. According to Jean:
Question: Regarding a certain Pope or the younger Pope, who is not listed in the pope or bishop of Rome, because he is a woman masquerading as a man and becomes, with his character and talent, a sacrificial secretary, then a Cardinal and finally the Pope. One day, while putting up a horse, she gave birth to a child. Soon, through Roman court he was bound by legs to ponytail and dragged and stoned by men to half a league, and, where he died, there he was buried, and in that place it says: "Petre, Father Patrum, Papisse Prodito Partum "[Oh Peter, Father of Father, Betraying the woman who gave birth to the Pope.] At the same time, a four-day fast called" women's whale fast "was first established.
The story of Jean de Mailly was taken by his colleague Dominikan Stephen of Bourbon, who adapted it for his work on the Seven Gifts of the Holy Spirit. However, the legend gained the greatest fame when it appeared in the third edition of the Martin of Opava's Chronicon Pontificum et Imperatorum later in the 13th century. This version, possibly by Martin himself, was the first to attach a name to the image, indicating that he was known as "John Anglicus" or "John of Mainz." It also changed dates from the 11th century to the 9th century, which shows that Joan ruled between Leo IV and Benedict III in the 850s. By Chronicon :
John Anglicus, born in Mainz, was Pope for two years, seven months and four days, and died in Rome, after which there was a vacancy in the Papacy one month. It is said that this John was a woman, who when a girl was brought to Athena dressed in a man's clothes by a lover. There he became proficient in various branches of knowledge, until he had nothing in common, and, after that in Rome, he taught liberal arts and had professors among his disciples and listeners. A high opinion of life and learning appeared in the city; and he was chosen for the Pope. Although the Pope, however, he was pregnant by his friend. Through the ignorance of the exact time when birth was expected, he gave birth to a child while in the procession from St. Peter to the Lateran, on the path that used to be called the Sacra (Sacred Way) but now known as the "avoided path" between the Colosseum and St Clement churches. After his death, it is said he was buried in the same place. The Pope always turned away from the street, and it was believed by many that this was done because of the hatred of the event. Nor is he placed on the list of the Holy Pope, either because of his female sex and because of the defilement of the matter.
One version of Chronicon provides an alternative fate for the female pope. According to this, he did not die immediately after his exposure, but was restricted and overthrown, after which he did many years of penance. Her son of an affair eventually became Bishop of Ostia, and ordered his funeral in the cathedral when he died.
Other references to female whales are associated with previous authors, although nothing appears in the manuscript that precedes Chronicon . The most frequently cited are Anastasius Bibliothecarius (d 886), a compiler of Liber Pontificalis , who is a contemporary of the Pope's women with a Chronicon dating ". However, the story is only found in one of Anastasius's unreliable texts.This manuscript, in the Vatican Library, contains the relevant sections inserted as footnotes at the bottom of the page.This is not a sequence, and in a different hand, dating from the time of Martin of Opava. "Witness "to the pope this woman is probably based on Martin's account, and not a possible source for that.The same goes for Marianus Scotus's Chronicle of the Popes , a text written in the 11th century. the manuscript contains a brief mention of a female pope named Johanna (the earliest source to attach to her female form of the name), but all of these manuscripts are slower than Martin's. legend.
Several versions of the legend indicate that the next whale was subjected to an examination in which, after sitting in a place called strolling or "dirt chair" containing holes, the cardinal had to reach and establish that the new Pope had testicles, "Duos habet et bene pendentes " ("He has two, and they dangle well"), or " habet " ("he has them") for short.
There are related legends as well. In the 1290s, Robert Dominika from UzÃÆ'Â © s told a vision in which he sees a seat "where, it is said, the whale proved to be a man". Pope Joan has been associated with extraordinary events. Petrarch (1304-74) wrote in his book Chronica de le Vite de Pontefici et Imperadori Romani that after Pope Joan was declared a woman:
... in Brescia, it rained for three days and three nights. In France appears a magnificent locust, which has six wings and very strong teeth. They flew magically in the air, and all drowned in the English Sea. The golden body was rejected by the ocean waves and damaged the air, so a lot of people died.
However, the attribution of this work to Petrarch may be wrong.
Maps Pope Joan
Next development
From the mid-13th century onwards, the legend was widespread and believable. Joan is used as a exemplist in Dominican preaching. Bartolomeo Platina, the prefect scholar of the Vatican Library, wrote his book VitÃÆ'Â| Pontificum PlatinÃÆ'Â| historici liber de vita Christi ac omnium pontificum qui hactenus ducenti fuere et XX in 1479 on the orders of his patron, Pope Sixtus IV. This book contains the following story from the Pope's women:
Pope John VIII: John, from English extraction, was born in Mentz (Mainz) and is said to have arrived at Popedom by evil art; because he disguised himself as a man, while he was a girl, he left when young with his lover, a learned man, to Athens, and made progress in studying under the professors there that, coming to Rome, he met with some who could be the same, let alone outside of him, even in the knowledge of the scriptures; and with his learned and intelligent readings and disputes he gained such great respect and authority that after the death of Pope Leo IV (as Martin said) by mutual consent he was elected pope in his room. When he went to the Lateran Church between the Colossean Theater (called from Nero's Colossus) and St. Clement, his experience came to him, and he died there, after sitting two years, a month, and four days, and was buried there without any splendor. This story is vulgarly told, but by writers who are very uncertain and vague, and therefore I have linked it briefly and briefly, so that I do not appear stubborn and powerful if I acknowledge what is commonly spoken of. I have a better fault with the rest of the world, though it can be ascertained, that what I have may be considered not too extraordinary.
References to Pope women abound in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Giovanni Boccaccio writes of him at De Mulieribus Claris (1353). The Chronicon of Adam of Usk (1404) names him, Agnes, and further mentions a statue in Rome that is said of him. This statue was never mentioned by previous writers anywhere; Presumably it is a real statue taken to be a female whale. A late-14th-century edition of Mirabilia Urbis Romae, a guidebook for pilgrims to Rome, tells readers that the body of a female pope is buried in Saint Peter. It was around this time that a long series of pope statues in the past were made for the Duomo of Siena, which belonged to one of the female popes, named "Johannes VIII, Foemina de Anglia" and included between Leo IV and Benedict III.
In his trial in 1415, Jan Hus argued that the Church did not need a pope, for, as long as the papacy of "Pope Agnes" (as he also called him), the situation was quite good. Hus's enemies in this trial insist that his argument does not prove such a thing about the freedom of the Church, but they do not argue that there is no female whale at all.
During Reform
In 1587, Florimond de Raemond, a judge in parlement de Bordeaux and a coward, published his first attempt to deconstruct the legend, Erreur Populaire de la Papesse Jeanne (also later published under the title L'Anti- Papesse ). The treaty applies the textual humanist techniques of textual criticism to the legend of Pope Joan, with the broader goal of providing strong historical principles for ecclesiastical history, and legend begins to separate, detail by detail. Raemond's Erreur Populaire went through successive editions, reaching the fifteenth at the end of 1691.
In 1601, Pope Clement VIII declared the legend of a female pope untrue. His famous statue, inscribed Johannes VIII, Femina ex Anglia, which has been carved for a series of papal figures at the Duomo in Siena around 1400 and recorded by travelers, either crushed or restored and re-labeled, replaced by a male figure, namely Pope Zachary.
The legend of Pope Joan was "effectively undermined" by David Blondel, a 17th-century Protestant historian, who argued that Joan's story may have come from an allusion to Pope John XI, who died in his early 20s. Blondel, through a detailed analysis of the claim and suggested time, argues that no such event can occur.
The 16th century Italian historian Onofrio Panvinio, commenting on one of Bartolomeo Platina's works referring to Pope Joan, theorizes that the story of Pope Joan may have come from the tales of Pope John XII; John is reported to have many concubines, including one named Joan, who was very influential in Rome at the time of his pontificate.
During the Reformation, various Protestant writers took Pope Joan's legends in their anti-Catholic writings, and Catholics responded with their own polemic. According to Pierre Gustave Brunet,
Various authors, in the 16th and 17th centuries, were busy with Pope Joan, but from a polemical standpoint involved in the Lutheran or Calvinis reformist partisan and Catholic defenders.
A British writer, Alexander Cooke, wrote a book called Pope Joane: A Dialogue between Protestants and Papists, which was intended to prove the existence of Joan's Pope with reference to the Catholic tradition. It was reissued in 1675 as A Present for a Papist: Or the Life and Death of Joan's Pope, Clearly Proving Out of Printed Copy, and Manscriptes of Popish and Other Writers, That A Woman Called Joan, Was Really the Roman Pope, and Was There Delivered from the Boy of the Scoundrel on the Open Road as He Goes in a Great Procession . This book provides an explanation of Pope Joan who gave birth to a son with the usual view of everyone around him, accompanied by a detailed engraving that showed a startled-looking baby peeking out from under the Pope's robe. Even in the nineteenth century, authors like Ewaldus Kist and Karl Hase discussed the story as a real event. However, other Protestant writers, such as David Blondel and Gottfried Leibniz, rejected the story.
Modern analysis and criticism
Most modern scholars regard Pope Joan as a medieval legend. One of Britain's leading historians dismisses the myth by judging the logical proof. The Oxford Dictionary of Popes states that "there is no contemporary evidence for the Pope of women on any of the dates suggested for his rule," but still recognizes that the legend of Pope Joan is widely believed for centuries, even by the Umm- € <â € The 1910 Catholic Encyclopedia is described on the issue of the historical timeline:
Between Leo IV and Benedict III, where Martinus Polonus placed him, he could not be included, since Leo IV died July 17, 855, and soon after his death Benedict III was chosen by the clergy and the Romans; but, owing to Antipope's stance, in the deposed person of Cardinal Anastasius, he was not ordained until 29 September. There are coins containing images of Benedict III and Emperor Lothair, who died September 28, 855; therefore Benedict should be recognized as the pope before the last mentioned date. On 7 October 855, Benedict III issued a charter for the Corvey Monastery. Hincmar, Archbishop of Reims, told Nicholas I that a messenger whom he had sent to Leo IV learned in the course of the death of the Pope, and therefore handed over his petition to Benedict III, who decides it (Hincmar, ep Xl in the OT, CXXXVI, 85 ). All these witnesses prove the truth of the date given in the lives of Leo IV and Benedict III, and there is no transitional period between these two Popes, so in this place there is no room for the accused Pope.
It has also been noted that papal enemies in the 9th century did not mention a female pope. For example, Photios I of Constantinople, who became Patriarch in 858 and overthrown by Pope Nicholas I in 863, was the enemy of the pope. He strongly affirmed his own authority as patriarch of the pope at Rome, and would make the most of the current scandal regarding the papacy; but he never mentions the story once in his many writings. Indeed, at one point he mentions "Leo and Benedict, the successive priests of the Roman Church".
Rosemary and Darroll Pardoe, authors of Pope Woman: The Mystery of Joan Pope, theorized that if a female pope existed, a more reasonable time frame was 1086 and 1108, when there were some antipopes; during this time the legitimate papal governments of Victor III, Urban II, and Paschal II were not always established in Rome, because the city was occupied by Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, and later dismissed by the Normans. It also agrees with the earliest known version of legend, by Jean de Mailly, when he put the story in 1099. De Mailly's "account" was acknowledged by his colleague Stephen of Bourbon.
The English writer and former editor of The Catholic Herald Peter Stanford, author of The Legend of Pope Joan: In Search of Truth (2000), concludes, â € Å"Consider all th [e] proof, I'm sure that Pope Joan is a historical figure, although perhaps not all the details about him that have been handed down for centuries are true. "Stanford's work has been criticized as" credible "by one mainstream historian.As to the lack of historical evidence of its existence, the question remains about why the story of Pope Joan has been popular and widely believed.Philip Jenkins in New Anti-Catholic: The Last Acceptable Prejudice shows that the periodic revival of what he calls the "anti-pope legend" is more related to feminist and anti-Catholic fantasy thinking than history, precision.
The sede stercoraria , the throne with the hole in the chair, now at St. John Lateran (official residence of the pope and the Catholic center), should be considered. These and other toilet-like chairs were used in the consecration of Pope Pascal II in 1099. In fact, one is still in the Vatican Museum, the other is in Musà © e du Louvre. The reason the seat configuration is moot. It has been speculated that they were originally Roman bidets or imperial birthdays, which because of their age and imperial relationships were used in ceremonies by the Pope intending to highlight their own imperial claims (as they do also with their Latin title, Pontifex Maximus >).
Alain Boureau quoted a humanist Jacopo d'Angelo de Scarparia, who visited Rome in 1406 for the coronation of Gregory XII. The Pope sat for a moment in two "pierced seats" at Lateran: "... a vulgar recounts a crazy fairy tale that he was touched to verify that he was indeed a man", a sign that the natural consequences of the legend of Pope Joan are still today on the Roman road.
The Middle Ages, from the 13th century onwards, did avoid the direct route between Lateran and St Peter, as Martin said of Opava. However, there is no evidence that this practice has existed from the beginning. The origin of this exercise is uncertain, but it is very likely that it is preserved because of widespread belief in Joan's legend, and it is considered true to date back to that period.
Although some medieval authors refer to the female pope as "John VIII", a true John Pope VIII reigned between 872 and 882. Due to the limitations of the Dark Ages record, confusion often reigns in an event's evaluation.
The problem sometimes associated with the legend of Pope Joan is the fact that there is no Pope John XX on any list. It is said this reflects the pope's re-numbering to exclude Joan from history. Historians have known since the critical edition of Louis Duchesne on Liber Pontificalis that "re-numbering" is actually caused by a misunderstanding in the textual transmission of the official whale list. During the 11th century, at the time after John XIX, the entry for John XIV has been misread because it refers to two different whales of this name. These two popes are then distinguished as Iohannes XIV and Iohannes XIV bis ("John XIV the second").
The existence of the second Pope John XIV was widely accepted in the 13th century, so the numbering of Pope John XV through XIX is considered wrong. When Peter Hispanus was elected pope in 1276 and chose the name of Pope John, he decided to correct this error by passing the XX number. He numbered himself John XXI, thus recognizing the alleged existence of John XIV "bis" in the 10th century.
In fiction
Pope Joan remains a popular subject for works of fiction. Plays include Ludwig Achim von Arnim Johanna PÃÆ'¤pstin (1813), a fragment by Bertolt Brecht (in Werke Bd 10), and the monodrama, Pausin Johanna by Cees van der Pluijm (1996).
The Greek novelist Emmanuel Rhoides in 1866, The Papess Joanne , was admired by Mark Twain and Alfred Jarry and freely translated by Lawrence Durrell as The Curious History of Pope Joan (1954 )). Historical romance of Donna Wolfolk Cross 1996 from America, Pope Joan , was recently made into German music and the film described below. Other novels include Wilhelm Smets's Das MÃÆ'¤hrchen von der Päpstin Johanna auf Neue erÃÆ'¶rtert (1829), Marjorie Bowen Black Magic (1909), Ludwig Gorm PÃÆ'¤pstin Johanna (1912), Yves Bichet's La Papesse Jeanne (2005), and Hugo N. Gerstl's Scribe: The Story of the One and Only Female Pope > (2005).
There are two films based on the story of Pope Joan: Pope Joan (1972), directed by Michael Anderson, entitled The Devil's Imposter in the US. In 2009, it was reworked to include more original manuscripts of John Briley and released as He... who will become Pope . Also in 2009, another film under the title of Pope Joan was released, this one produced by Germany, England, Italy and Spain directed by SÃÆ'¶nke Wortmann and produced by Bernd Eichinger, based on Cross's novel.
Drama Girls Top by Caryl Churchill features Pope Joan as a character, invited to the restaurant along with other important historical women in the past by a modern woman, Marlene, to discuss feminism restrictions in the past.
Pope Joan is referenced in the video game Persona 5 , as an inspiration for Johanna, one of Makoto Niijima's titular personality (cognitive creatures used by humans to fight demons).
See also
- Legend around the papacy
- Marozia
- Saeculum obscurum
- Theodora (senatrix)
- The High Priestess
References
Further reading
Primary source
- Jean de Mailly Chronica Universalis Mettensis (1254)
- Martin of Opava Chronicon pontificum et imperatorum (1278)
Secondary sources
- Gustave Brunet (1880). La papesse Jeanne etude historique and litteraire par Philomneste junior (in French) (second edition). Bruxelles: J. Gay.
- Clement Wood, Woman Who Becomes a Pope , Wm. Faro, Inc., NYC 1931
- Arturo Ortega Blake, Joanna Kobieta ktÃÆ'³ra zostala Papiezem , Edit. Philip Wilson, 2006. Published in Warszawa, ISBN 83-7236-208-4.
- Alain Boureau, Joan Pope's Myth , University of Chicago Press, 2000. Published in Paris as La Papesse Jeanne . A standard account among historians, ISBN 978-0226067452.
- Stephen L. Harris, Bryon L. Grigsby, Misconception about the Middle Ages , Routledge, 2007. ISBNÃ, 978-0415871136.
- Peter Stanford, The She-Pope. A Searching for the Truth Behind the Mystery of Pope Joan, Heineman, London 1998 ISBNÃ, 0-434-02458-9. Published in the US as The Legend of Pope Joan: Searching for Truth , Henry Holt & amp; Company, 1999. A journalistic account popularized.
- "Top 5 Myths About the Papacy"
Fiction
- Donna Woolfolk Cross, Pope Joan: A Novel Three Rivers Press, 2009.
- Lawrence Durrell, Curious History of the Pope Joan . London: Derek Verschoyle, 1954. Translated freely from the Greek Papissa Joanna, 1886, by Emmanuel Rhoides.
- Emmanuel Rhoides, Papissa Joanna is translated by T. D. Kriton, Govostis, Athens, 1935.
External links
- Catholic Encyclopedia: Pope Joan
- ABC Prime time Looking for Pope Joan
- "Pope Joan" by Dennis Barton gives a prime timeline. from the appearance of the story in written history.
- The Golden Age of Female Trannies in Medieval Europe
- Mystery Files: Pope Joan 2012, Episode 10. Smithsonian Channel. Retrieved 17 February 2014.
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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