Visual impairment

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Visual impairment , also known as visual impairment or loss of vision , is a declining ability to look at the level that causes the problem to be irreparable in the normal way, like glasses. Some also include those who have decreased ability to see because they do not have access to glasses or contact lenses. Visual disturbances are often defined as the best visual acuity worse than 20/40 or 20/60. The term blindness is used for complete or almost complete loss of vision. Impaired vision can cause people trouble with everyday activities such as driving, reading, socializing, and walking.

The most common causes of vision impairment globally are uncorrected refraction error (43%), cataract (33%), and glaucoma (2%). Refractive errors include near visible, far-sighted, presbyopia, and astigmatism. Cataract is the most common cause of blindness. Other disorders that can cause visual problems include age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, fog cornea, blindness in childhood, and a number of infections. Impaired vision can also be caused by problems in the brain due to stroke, premature birth, or trauma among others. These cases are known as cortical vision disorders. Screening for vision problems in children can improve the vision of the future and educational attainment. Untreated adult screening is an uncertain benefit. Diagnosis is done by eye examination.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 80% of vision problems can be prevented or cured with treatment. These include cataracts, river blindness and trachoma infections, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, uncorrected refraction errors, and some cases of childhood blindness. Many people with significant visual impairments benefit from vision rehabilitation, changes in their environment, and aids.

By 2015 there are 940 million people with loss of sight. 246 million have low vision and 39 million blind. The majority of people with poor eyesight are in developing countries and over the age of 50. The level of vision has declined since the 1990s. Visual disturbances have substantial economic costs either directly due to the cost of care and indirectly due to the decreased ability to work.

Video Visual impairment

Classification

The definition of vision impairment reduces vision that is not corrected by glasses or contact lenses. The World Health Organization uses the following classification of vision impairment. When the vision in the eyes of the better with the best glasses correction is:

• 20/30 to 20/60Ã £:: is considered a mild vision loss, or almost normal vision
• 20/70 to 20/160Ã,: is considered moderate vision impairment, or moderate low vision
• 20/200 to 20/400Ã,: is considered a severe visual impairment, or severe low vision
• 20/500 to 20/1.000Ã,:: considered as a visual impairment, or deep low vision
• Over 20/1.000Ã,:: regarded as a total visual impairment, or near total blindness
• No perception of light: considered total vision disorder, or total blindness

Blindness is defined by the World Health Organization as a vision in the best eye of a person with the best correction of less than 20/500 or a visual field of less than 10 degrees. This definition was set in 1972, and there was ongoing discussion as to whether it should be officially changed including an unrawled bias error.

United Kingdom

Vision is very disturbed

• Defined as having central visual acuity less than 3/60 with normal visual field, or rough visual field boundaries.
• Can not see at 3 meters what people see normally seen at 60 m.

Vision is broken

• Can view at 3 m, but not at 6 m, what normal people see at 60 m
• Less severe visual impairment is not captured by registration data, and the prevalence is difficult to measure

Vision is low

• Visual acuity is less than 6/18 but larger than 3/60.
• Not eligible for driving and may have trouble recognizing faces across the street, watching television, or choosing clean, spotless, and coordinated clothing.

In the UK, the Certificate of Vision Impairment (CVI) is used to examine patients as severe visual impairment or vision. The accompanying guide for clinical staff states: "The National Assistance Act of 1948 states that a person can be certified as vision is very weak if they are" so blind that they can not do any job whose eyesight is so important. "This test is whether a person can not do any job that vision is very important, not just a normal job or a specific job. "

In practice, the definition depends on the individual's visual acuity and the extent to which their field of view is limited. The Department of Health identified three groups of people who may be classified as very severe visual disorders.

1. Below 3/60 (equivalent to 20/400 in US notation) Snellen (most people under 3/60 are severely impaired vision).
2. Those who are better than 3/60 but under 6/60 Snellen (people who have visually contracted fields only).
3. They are 6/60 Snellen or higher (people in this group who have the field of vision contracted especially if the contractions are at the bottom of the field).

The Department of Health also states that a person is more likely to be classified as a severe visual impairment if their vision has failed recently or if they are an older individual, the two groups are considered less able to adapt to their loss of vision.

United States

In the United States, any person with an irrevocable vision becomes better than 20/200 in the best eye, or who has 20 degrees (diameter) or less of the remaining visual field, is considered legally blind

In the United States, the terms some are visible , low vision , legally blind and total blind are used by schools , colleges, and other educational institutions to describe students with visual impairment. They are defined as follows:

• Partially visible shows some types of visual problems, with people's need to receive special education in some cases.
• Low vision generally refers to severe visual disturbances, not limited to distance visibility. Low vision applies to all visually impaired individuals who can not read newspapers at normal visibility, even with the help of glasses or contact lenses. They use a combination of vision and other senses to learn, although they may require adaptation in lighting or print sizes, and, occasionally, Braille.
  • Rabun - can not see distant objects clearly, usually called farsightedness or farsightedness.
  • Hyperopia - can not see objects that are close to clear, commonly called far-sighted or far-sighted.
• Legally blind shows that a person has less than 20/200 vision in the eyes better after the best correction (contact lenses or glasses), or the field of vision is less than 20 degree in a better eye.
• Students who are completely blind learn via Braille or other non-visual media.

In 1934, the American Medical Association adopted the following definition of blindness:

Better central visual acuity 20/200 or less in the eyes better with corrective sunglasses or central visual acuity more than 20/200 if there is a field defect in which the peripheral plane is contracted such that the widest diameter of the visual field subtends the angular distance is not greater than 20 degrees in the eyes better.

The United States Congress incorporated this definition as part of the Aid to the Blind program in the Social Security Act passed in 1935. In 1972, the Aid to the Blind program and two others were incorporated under Title XVI of the Social Security Act for form a Complementary Security Income Program which states:

A person should be blinded for the purpose of this title if he has a 20/200 center visual acuity or less in the eyes better by using a correction lens. Eyes accompanied by limits in the field of vision in such a way that the widest diameter of the visual field of angle subtends of not more than 20 degrees shall be considered for the purpose of the first sentence of this paragraph as having central visual acuity of 20/200 or less. An individual will also be deemed blind for the purpose of this title if he is blind as defined under the State plan approved under the heading X or XVI applicable to October 1972 and receives assistance under the plan (on the basis of blindness) for December 1973, during he continues to be blind as defined.

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Kuwait is one of the many countries that share the 6/60 criteria for legal blindness.

Maps Visual impairment

Health effects

Visual disturbances can be in various forms and varying degrees. Visual acuity alone is not always a good predictor of the level of problems a person may have. A person with relatively good sharpness (eg, 20/40) may experience difficulty with day-to-day functions, while someone with worse sharpness (eg, 20/200) can function well if the visual demands are not good.

The American Medical Association estimates that one eye loss is equal to a 25% reduction of the visual system and a 24% drop in overall people; total loss of vision in both eyes is considered as 100% vision impairment and 85% decrease in all people.

Some people falling into this category can use their sufficient residual vision - the remaining visions - to complete everyday tasks without relying on alternative methods. The role of a low vision specialist (optometrist or optometrist) is to maximize the functional level of the patient's vision by optical or non-optical means. Especially, this is by using magnification in the form of telescopic systems for remote sight and optical or electronic magnification for close tasks.

People with significantly reduced sharpness can benefit from training by trained individuals in the provision of technical assistance. Rehabilitation professionals with low vision, some of whom are connected with agents for the blind, can advise on lighting and contrast to maximize the remaining visions. These professionals also have access to non-visual assistance, and can instruct patients in their use.

Subjects with the most use of rehabilitation instruments, who live alone, and maintain their own least pressed mobility and work, with the lowest risk of suicide and the highest level of social integration.

Those with a worsening outlook and the prognosis of blindness are ultimately at a relatively high risk for suicide and thus may require supportive services. This observation advocates the establishment and extension of a therapeutic and preventive program to include patients with impending and current impaired vision disorder who are not eligible for service for the blind. Optometrists must be made aware of these potential consequences and incorporate places for mental health professionals in their care for these types of patients, with a view to preventing the onset of depressive symptoms, avoiding self-destructive behavior, and improving the quality of life of these patients. Such interventions should occur in the early stages of diagnosis, especially since many studies have shown how rapid acceptance of serious visual disabilities has resulted in better and more productive compliance with rehabilitation programs. Additionally, psychological distress has been reported (and exemplified by our psychological autopsy study) at the highest point when vision loss is incomplete, but the prognosis is unfavorable.10 Therefore, early intervention is essential to allow for successful psychological adjustment.

Related matter

Blindness can occur in combination with conditions such as intellectual disabilities, autism spectrum disorders, cerebral palsy, hearing loss, and epilepsy. Blindness in combination with hearing loss is known as deaf-blind.

It is estimated that more than half of the blind have a 24-hour sleep-wake disorder, a condition in which a person's circadian rhythm, usually slightly longer than 24 hours, is not poured (synchronized) with light/dark cycles.

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Cause

The most common causes of vision impairment globally in 2010 are:

1. Refractive error (42%)
2. cataract (33%)
3. glaucoma (2%)
4. age-related macular degeneration (1%)
5. corneal turbidity (1%)
6. diabetic retinopathy (1%)
7. blindness in childhood
8. trachoma (1%)
9. not specified (18%)

The most common causes of blindness in 2010 are:

1. cataract (51%)
2. glaucoma (8%)
3. age-related macular degeneration (5%)
4. corneal turbidity (4%)
5. child blindness (4%)
6. bias error (3%)
7. trachoma (3%)
8. diabetic retinopathy (1%)
9. unspecified (21%)

About 90% of people with visual impairments in developing countries. Age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy are the leading causes of blindness in developed countries.

Among the newly blind working age adults in England and Wales the most common causes of 2010 are:

1. retarded hereditary retina (20.2%)
2. Diabetic retinopathy (14.4%)
3. Optical atrophy (14.1%)
4. Glaucoma (5.9%)
5. Congenital abnormalities (5.1%)
6. Distractions in the visual cortex (4.1%)
7. Cerebrovascular disease (3.2%)
8. Macular and posterior pole degeneration (3.0%)
9. Myopia (2.8%)
10. Corneal disorders (2.6%)
11. Malignant neoplasms of the brain and nervous system (1.5%)
12. Retinal detachment (1.4%)

Cataracts

Of these, cataracts are responsible for & gt; 65%, or more than 22 million cases of blindness, and glaucoma is responsible for 6 million cases.

Cataracts: a congenital and pediatric pathology that describes gray or blurred crystal lenses, most commonly caused by intrauterine infection, metabolic disorders, and genetically transmitted syndromes. Cataracts are the leading cause of childhood and adult blindness doubling in prevalence every ten years after the age of 40 years. As a result, cataracts are now more common in adults than in children. That is, people face a higher chance of developing cataracts as they age. However, cataracts tend to have greater financial and emotional casualties in children because they must undergo expensive diagnosis, long-term rehabilitation, and visual assistance. Also, according to the Saudi Journal for Health Sciences, sometimes patients experience irreversible amblyopia after pediatric cataract surgery because cataracts prevent normal vision maturation before surgery. Despite major advances in treatment, cataracts remain a global problem in developing and developing economies. Today, with varying results and unequal access to cataract surgery, the best way to reduce the risk of developing cataracts is to avoid smoking and extensive exposure to sun (ie UV-B rays).

Glaucoma

Glaucoma is a congenital and pediatric eye disease characterized by increased intraocular pressure or intraocular pressure (IOP). Glaucoma causes loss of the visual field and seizes the optic nerve. Early diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma in patients is important because glaucoma is triggered by non-specific TIO levels. Also, another challenge in accurately diagnosing glaucoma is that it has four causes: 1) the inflammatory ocular hypertensive syndrome (IOHS); 2) severe uveytic angle closure; 3) induced corticosteroids; and 4) heterogonous mechanisms associated with structural changes and chronic inflammation. In addition, often pediatric glaucoma differs greatly in the causes and management of glaucoma developed by adults. Currently, the best sign of pediatric glaucoma is the IOP of 21 mm Hg or greater present in the child. One of the most common causes of pediatric glaucoma is surgical removal of cataracts, leading to an incidence rate of about 12.2% among infants and 58.7% among 10-year-olds.

Infection

Childhood blindness can be caused by conditions associated with pregnancy, such as congenital rubella syndrome and prematurity retinopathy. Leprosy and onchocerciasis each blind about 1 million people in developing countries.

The number of blind individuals from trachoma has declined in the last 10 years from 6 million to 1.3 million, placing it in seventh place on the list of causes of blindness worldwide.

The central corneal ulcer is also a significant cause of monocular blindness worldwide, accounting for approximately 850,000 cases of corneal blindness each year in Indian subcontinent alone. As a result, corneal scarring of all causes is now the fourth largest cause of global blindness.

Injuries

Eye injuries, most common in people under 30, are the main cause of monocular blindness (loss of vision in one eye) across the United States. Injuries and cataracts affect the eye itself, while disorders such as optic nerve hypoplasia affect the nerve bundle that sends signals from the eye to the back of the brain, which can cause a decrease in visual acuity.

Cortical blindness is caused by injury to the occipital lobe of the brain that prevents the brain from receiving or interpreting signals correctly from the optic nerve. Symptoms of cortical blindness vary greatly between individuals and may be more severe in periods of fatigue or stress. It is common for people with cortical blindness to have worse vision later on.

Blinding has been used as an act of revenge and torture in some cases, to deprive one of the main flavors with which they can navigate or interact in the world, act completely independent, and be aware of events around it. An example of the classical world is Oedipus, who gouges out his own eyes after realizing that he fulfills the terrible prophecy he is talking about. After destroying the Bulgarians, the Byzantine Emperor Basil II blinded as many as 15,000 prisoners taken in battle, before releasing them. Contemporary examples include the addition of methods such as acid throwing as a form of destruction.

Genetic defects

People with albinism often have loss of sight to the extent that many are legally blind, although some of them can not actually see. Leber's inherited amaurosis can cause total blindness or severe visual loss from birth or early childhood.

Recent advances in mapping the human genome have identified other genetic causes of low vision or blindness. One example is Bardet-Biedl syndrome.

Poisoning

Rarely, blindness is caused by the intake of certain chemicals. The best known example is methanol, which is only slightly toxic and slightly intoxicating, and decomposes into formaldehyde and formic acid which in turn can cause blindness, other health complications, and death. When competing with ethanol for metabolism, ethanol is metabolized first, and the onset of toxicity is delayed. Methanol is commonly found in alcoholic alcohol, denatured ethyl alcohol, to avoid paying taxes on the sale of ethanol devoted to human consumption. The methylated spirit is sometimes used by alcoholics as a desperate and inexpensive substitute for regular ethanol alcoholic beverages.

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• Amblyopia: is a category of vision loss or visual impairment caused by factors unrelated to refractive errors or coexisting eye diseases. Amblyopia is a condition when the child's visual system fails to mature normally because the child is either suffering from premature birth, measles, congenital nubella syndrome, vitamin A deficiency, or meningitis. If not handled during childhood, amblyopia is currently incurable in adulthood because the effectiveness of surgical treatment changes when an adult child. As a result, amblyopia is the main cause of loss of vision in the world's child, which is the damage or loss of vision in one eye. In the best case scenario, which is very rare, patients with properly treated amblyopia can regain 20/40 sharpness.
• Corneal opacity
• degenerative myopia
• Diabetic retinopathy: is one of the manifestations of diabetic microvascular complications, characterized by reduced blindness or sharpness. That is, diabetic retinopathy describes retinal and vitreous bleeding or retinal capillary blockage caused by an increase in A1C, which is a measure of blood glucose or sugar. In fact, when A1C is elevated, people tend to have a greater risk of diabetic retinopathy than to develop other diabetes-related microvascular complications (eg chronic hyperglycemia, diabetic neuropathy, and diabetic nephropathy). Despite the fact that only 8% of adults aged 40 years and older who have diabetic retinopathy of threatening vision (eg nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy or NPDR and proliferative diabetic retinopathy or PDR), these diseased eyes accounted for 17% of cases of blindness in 2002. li>
• Retinitis pigmentosa
• Retinopathy of prematurity: The most common cause of blindness in infants worldwide. In its most severe form, ROP causes retinal detachment, with loss of companion vision. Treatment is directed primarily for prevention, through laser or Avastin therapy.
• Stargardt's Disease
• Uveitis: is a group of 30 inflammatory intraocular diseases caused by infection, systemic disease, an organ-specific autoimmune process, cancer or trauma. That is, uveitis refers to a complex eye disease category that can cause blindness if not treated or diagnosed incorrectly. The current challenge to diagnose uveitis accurately is often the cause of certain ocular inflammations unknown or layered. As a result, about 3-10% of uveitis victims in developed countries, and about 25% of victims in developing countries, are blinded by false diagnoses and from ineffective prescription drugs, antibiotics or steroids. In addition, uveitis is a diverse category of eye disease that is subdivided as granulomatous (or tumorous) or non-granulomatous anterior, intermediate, posterior or pan uveitis. In other words, uveitis disease tends to be classified according to their anatomical location in the eye (eg uveal tract, retina, or lens), and can cause complications that can cause cataracts, glaucoma, retinal damage, age-related macular degeneration or diabetic retinopathy.
• Xerophthalmia, often due to vitamin A deficiency, is thought to affect 5 million children each year; 500,000 developed active corneal involvement, and half became blind.

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Diagnosis

It is important that people will be examined by someone specializing in low vision care before any other rehabilitation training to rule out potential medical or surgical correction for this problem and to establish a careful initial refraction and prescription both normal vision goggles as well as optical and optical sunglasses. Only doctors are eligible to evaluate the visual function of the visual system that is effectively compromised. The American Medical Association provides an approach to evaluate vision loss as it affects the individual's ability to perform daily life activities.

Adult screening that has no symptoms is an uncertain benefit.

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Prevention

The World Health Organization estimates that 80% of vision loss can be prevented or cured with treatment. These include cataracts, onchocerciasis, trachoma, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, uncorrected refraction errors, and some cases of childhood blindness. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that half of the blindness in the United States can be prevented.

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Treatment

In addition to medical assistance, various sources provide information, rehabilitation, education, and work and social integration.

Mobility

Many people with serious visual impairments can travel independently, using a variety of tools and techniques. Orientation and mobility specialists are specially trained professionals to teach people with visual impairments how to travel safely, confidently, and independently at home and society. These professionals can also help the blind to practice traveling on certain routes they may often use, such as the route from one's home to a supermarket. Being familiar with the environment or route can make it easier for the blind to navigate successfully.

Tools such as a white stick with a red tip - an international symbol of blindness - can also be used to improve mobility. Long sticks are used to extend the reach of the user's touch sensation. Usually swung with a low sweeping motion, across the intended travel path, to detect obstacles. However, techniques for sugar cane travel may vary depending on the user and/or situation. Some people with vision impairment do not carry this type of stick, instead choosing a shorter, lighter (ID) identification cane. Still others need support rods. The choice depends on the vision, motivation, and other individual factors.

A small number of people use guide dogs to assist in mobility. These dogs are trained to navigate the various obstacles, and to indicate when it is necessary to go up or down one step. However, guide dog help is limited by the inability of dogs to understand the complex direction. Half of the team of guide dogs conduct guidance, based on skills acquired through previous mobility training. In this sense, the handler may be likened to an aircraft navigator, who must know how to go from one place to another, and the dog to the pilot, who takes them there safely.

The GPS device can also be used as a mobility aid. Such software can help blind people with orientation and navigation, but it is not a substitute for traditional mobility tools such as white canes and guide dogs.

Some skilled blind people do the ecolocation of a still object simply by generating clicks in the mouth and listening to a returning echo. It has been shown that blind ecolocation experts use what is usually the "visual" part of their brains to process echoes.

Government actions are sometimes taken to make public places more accessible to the blind. Public transport is available free of charge to the blind in many cities. Scan and voice traffic signals can make it easier and safer for visually impaired pedestrians to cross the road. In addition to making rules about who can and can not use sticks, some governments mandate the right-of-way given to users of white canes or guide dogs.

Reading and enlarging

Most people with vision impairment who do not completely read blind print, either of regular size or enlarged by a magnification device. Many also read large prints, which are easier to read without such devices. A variety of magnifying glasses, some handheld devices, and some on the desktop, can make reading easier.

Others read Braille (or Moon type that is rarely used), or rely on books and readers or reading machines that speak, which convert printed text to speech or Braille. They use computers with special hardware such as scanners and Braille displays that can be updated as well as software written specifically for the blind, such as optical character recognition applications and screen readers.

Some people access this material through agents for the blind, such as the National Library Service for the Blind and Physical Disability in the United States, the National Library for the Blind or RNIB in the United Kingdom.

Closed-circuit television, enlarging equipment and contrasting textual items, is a technologically superior alternative to traditional enlargement devices.

There are also more than 100 radio reading services around the world that provide people with visual impairments with reading from magazines via radio. The International Association of Audio Information Services provides links to all these organizations.

Computer and mobile technology

Access technologies such as screen readers, screen magnifiers, and updated Braille displays allow blind users to use mainstream computer and mobile applications. The availability of auxiliary technologies is increasing, accompanied by joint efforts to ensure accessibility of information technology to all potential users, including the blind. The next versions of Microsoft Windows include the Accessibility Wizard & amp; Magnifying glass for those with partial vision, and Microsoft Narrator, a simple screen reader. The Linux distribution (as a live CD) for the blind includes Vinux and Adriane Knoppix, the latter developed in part by Adriane Knopper who has vision problems. macOS and iOS also come with a built-in screen reader called VoiceOver, while Google TalkBack is built for most Android devices.

The movement towards greater web accessibility opens up a large number of websites to adaptive technology, making the web a more inviting place for visually impaired surfers.

The experimental approach in sensory substitution begins to provide access to the arbitrary direct view of the camera.

Modified visual output that includes large prints and/or simple clear graphics can be useful for users with some residual vision.

Help and other techniques

The blind can use speech equipment such as thermometers, watches, clocks, scales, calculators, and compasses. They can also enlarge or mark calls on devices such as ovens and thermostats to make them usable. Other techniques used by the blind to help them in their daily activities include:

• Adaptation of coins and banknotes so that the value can be determined by touch. As an example:
  • In some currencies, such as the euro, pound sterling, and Indian rupee, the size of the note increases with its value.
  • On US coins, cents and pennies, and cents and quarters have the same size. Larger denominations (dime and quarter) have ridges along the sides (historically used to prevent "shave" from precious metals from coins), which can now be used for identification.
  • Some of the currency notes have tactile features to denote the denomination. For example, the Canadian currency tactile feature is a point system embossed in one corner, based on Braille cells but not the standard Braille.
  • You can also fold notes in various ways to help with the introduction.
• Labeling and tagging clothing and other personal items
• Place various types of food in various positions on the dinner plate
• Marking control of home appliances

Most people, once they have long vision problems, develop their own adaptive strategies in all areas of personal and professional management.

For the blind, there are books in braille, audiobooks, and text-to-speech computer programs, machines and e-book readers. People with low vision can use this tool as well as large print reading materials and e-book readers that provide uppercase sizes.

Computers are an important integration tool for people with visual impairments. They allow, using standard or specific programs, screen magnification and text conversion into sound or touch (Braille line), and useful for all levels of visual defects. The OCR scanner can, together with the text-to-speech software, read the book and document contents aloud through the computer. Vendors also build closed-circuit televisions that electronically enlarge the paper, and even change the contrast and color, for users with visual impairments. For more information, consult with Assistive technology.

In adults with low vision there is no conclusive evidence that supports a form of reading aid over another. In some studies, hand-held closed-circuit television and hand-held closed circuit television allow for faster readability than optical assistance. While electronic help allows faster readings for individuals with low vision, portability, ease of use, and affordability should be considered for people.

Children with low vision sometimes have reading delays, but benefit from early reading methods based on phonics. Engaging phonics instructions is multisensor, very motivating, and direct. Usually students are first taught the most frequent sounds of the letters of the alphabet, especially the so-called short vocal sounds, then taught to unite sounds along with three consonant letters-vowels-consonant words such as cat, red, sitting, heat, sun. Hands-on (or kinesthetically appealing) The highly enlarged print material as found in "The Big Collection of Phonics Flipbooks" by Lynn Gordon (Scholastic 2010) is very helpful for teaching word families and integrating skills to start readers with low vision. Getting started reading the learning materials should focus mainly on lower-case letters, not uppercase letters (albeit larger in size) because reading texts require intimacy (mostly) in lowercase. Initial reading based on Phonics should also be supplemented with phonemic awareness lessons, writing opportunities, and lots of reading-alouds (literature that children read daily) to stimulate motivation, vocabulary development, concept development, and the development of comprehension skills. Many children with low vision can be successfully included in the regular education environment. Parents may need to be vigilant to ensure that schools provide teachers and students with appropriate low vision resources, such as classroom technology, auxiliary classrooms, modified educational materials, and consultation assistance with low vision specialists.

Communications

Communication with the visually impaired can be more difficult than communicating with someone who does not lose sight. However, many people feel uncomfortable by communicating with the blind, and this can cause communication barriers. One of the biggest obstacles in communicating with individuals with visual impairment comes from face-to-face interactions. There are many factors that can cause people to become uncomfortable when communicating face-to-face. There are many non-verbal factors that inhibit communication between visual impairment and visible, more often than verbal factors. These factors, which Rivka Bialistock mentions in his article, include:

• Lack of facial expressions, imitations, or body movements/responses
• Non-verbal gestures that can imply people with visual impairments do not seem interested
• Speaks when not anticipated or does not speak when anticipated
• Fear of offending vision
• Standing too close and attacking personal comfort level
• Must exercise or ignore pity
• Be uncomfortable with touching objects or people
• Self-detachment or disengagement view
• Addiction
• Reminded of fear of being blind

The blind send these signals or other types of non-verbal communication without realizing that they are doing it. These factors can all affect the way an individual feels about communicating with the visually impaired. This makes the feelings of the visually impaired and the lonely.

Adjust attitude

In the article Towards better communication, from the point of view of interest. Or - vision skills for the blind and visually impaired, author, Rivka Bialistock came up with methods to reduce the inconvenience of individuals by communicating with the visually impaired. This method is called blind-glish or visual-glish, which is a language for the blind, similar to English. For example, infants, who are not born and can speak directly, communicate through observation, just look at everything and communicate non-verbally. This is normal for a vigilant baby, and by teaching the same method in infants with visual impairment can improve their ability to communicate better from scratch.

To avoid the feeling of being rejected by the visually impaired, one needs to treat the blind the same way they treat others, rather than treating them as they have disabilities, and need special attention. People may feel that it is inappropriate, for example, to tell their blind child to see them as they speak. However, this contributes to the glish-vision method. It is important to ignore the mental fears or feelings of discomfort that people have when communicating (verbally and non-verbally) face-to-face.

Around

Individuals with visual disabilities should not only find ways to communicate effectively with those around them, but also their environment. The blind or the blind depend heavily on other senses such as hearing, touch, and smell to understand the environment.

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Sound is one of the most important senses that blind or blind people use to find objects around them. A form of echolocation is used, similar to a bat. Echolocation from a person's point of view is when people use sound waves generated from speech or other sound forms such as tapping sugar cane, which reflects objects and bounces back on the person giving them a rough idea of ​​where the object is. This does not mean they can describe details by sound but vice versa where objects are located to interact, or avoid them. Increased atmospheric and moisture pressures increase a person's ability to use sound to their advantage when wind or form background noise destroys it.

Touch

Touch is also an important aspect of how blind or blind people feel the world. Touch gives a lot of information around it. Feel anything with detail provides information about shape, size, texture, temperature, and many other qualities. Touch also helps communication; braille is a form of communication in which people use their fingers to feel the high bulge on the surface and can understand what it is meant to interpret. There are some problems and limitations with touch because not all objects are accessible to feel, which makes it hard to see the actual object. Another limiting factor is that the learning process of identifying objects with touch is much slower than identifying objects with sight. This is due to the fact that the object needs to be approached and felt with caution until a rough idea can be built in the brain.

Smell

Certain odors may be associated with a particular area and help someone with vision problems to remember familiar areas. In this way, there is a better chance of recognizing the layout of the area to navigate away. The same can be said for people as well. Some people have their own special scents so that people with more trained sense of smell can pick it up. A person with a vision disorder can use this to recognize the people around them without them saying a word.

Communication development

Visual disturbances can have a profound effect on the development of infant and child communication. The social and language development of a child or baby can be greatly delayed by the inability to see the world around them.

Social development

Social development includes interactions with people around the baby early in life. For a child with vision, a smile from a parent is the first symbol of recognition and communication, and almost an instant factor of communication. For babies with visual impairment, the voice recognition of parents will be noticed in about two months, but a smile will only be generated through the touch between the parent and the baby. This major form of communication is highly delayed for the child and will prevent other forms of communication developing. Social interaction is more complicated because subtle visual cues are lost and facial expressions of others disappear.

Due to delays in the development of children's communication, they may appear to be uninterested in social activities with peers, non-communicative and uneducated on how to communicate with others. This can cause the child to be avoided by peers and consequently more protected by family members.

Language development

By sight, much of what a child learns is learned through imitation of others, where as a child with visual impairment requires highly planned instruction directed at the development of delayed imitations. A vision-impaired baby can rant and mimic words faster than a visible child, but may show delays when combining words to say themselves, children may tend to initiate some questions and their use of adjectives is rare. Usually the sensory experiences of children are not easily coded into language and this may cause them to store phrases and sentences in their memories and repeat them out of context. The language of the blind child does not seem to reflect their knowledge of the world, but their knowledge of the language of others.

Children with visual impairment may also be hesitant to explore the world around them for fear of the unknown and may also be discouraged from exploration by overly protective family members. Without concrete experience, children can not develop meaningful concepts or languages ​​to describe or think about it.

Access to health services

Blind people have the ability to create consequences for health and well-being. Visual disturbance increases especially among the elderly. It is known that people with visual impairments tend to have limited access to health care information and facilities, and may not receive the best care because not all health care professionals are aware of the specific needs associated with vision.

• An effective prerequisite for health care is likely to have staff aware that people may have problems with vision.
• Communication and a variety of ways to communicate with visually impaired clients should be tailored to individual needs and available at all times.
Epidemiology

WHO estimates that by 2012 there are 285 million people with vision impairment in the world, of which 246 million have low vision and 39 million blind.

Of those who are blind 90% live in developing countries. Across the world for every blind person, an average of 3.4 people have low vision, with country and regional variations ranging from 2.4 to 5.5.

By age: Visual degradation is not evenly distributed across age groups. More than 82% of all blind people are 50 years and older, although they represent only 19% of the world's population. Because of the expected number of years of life in blindness (blind years), childhood blindness remains a significant problem, with about 1.4 million children with visual impairment below the age of 15.

By sex: The available studies consistently show that in every region of the world, and at all ages, women have a significantly higher risk than men.

By geography: Visual degradation is not evenly distributed around the world. More than 90% of blind world life in developing countries.

Due to the 1990s estimates, new data based on the global population of 2002 showed a decrease in the number of blind or visually impaired people, and those who were blind from the effects of infectious diseases, but an increasing number of blind people from conditions associated with longer life spans.

In 1987, it was estimated that 598,000 people in the United States fulfilled the legal definition of blindness. Of this figure, 58% are over 65 years old. In 1994-1995, 1.3 million Americans reported legal blindness.



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Society and culture

Legal definition

To determine those eligible for special assistance because of their visual incapacity, various governments have specific definitions for legal blindness. In North America and most of Europe, legal blindness is defined as visual acuity (vision) 20/200 (6/60) or less on better eyes with the best correction. This means that a legally blind individual must stand 20 feet (6.1 m) from the object to see it - with a corrective lens - with the same level of clarity as a normal looking person can be from 200 feet (61 m). In many areas, people with average sharpness who still have a visual field of less than 20 degrees (the 180 degree norm) are also classified as legally blind. About fifteen percent of those deemed legally blind, by any measure, have no perception of light or form. The rest have multiple visions, from light perception to relatively good sharpness. Low vision is sometimes used to describe visual acuity from 20/70 to 20/200.

Literature and art

Antiquity

The ancient Peruvian Moche people describe the blind in their ceramics.

In Greek myth, Tiresias was a prophet known for his wisdom. According to one myth, he was blinded by the gods as punishment for revealing their secrets, while others argued that he was blinded as punishment after he saw Athena naked while he was bathing. In the Odyssey, the one-eyed Polyphemus caught Odysseus, who blinded Polyphemus to escape. In Norse mythology, Loki deceives the god god HÃÆ'¶ÃÆ' r r to kill his brother, Baldr, the god of happiness.

The New Testament contains many examples of Jesus performing miracles to heal the blind. According to the Gospel, Jesus healed two blind men of Galilee, the blind from Bethsaida, the blind Jericho and the man born blind.

The parable of the blind and an elephant has crossed among many religious traditions and is part of the knowledge of Jains, Buddhists, Sufis and Hindus. In various versions of fairy tales, a group of blind men (or men in the dark) touch an elephant to learn what it feels like. Everyone feels different parts, but only one part, such as sides or fangs. They then compare notes and learn that they completely disagree.

"Three Blind Mice" is a medieval English nursery rhyme about three blind mice whose tail is cut after the pursuit of a farmer's wife. This work is explicitly out of sync, ending with a comment Have you ever seen such a scene in your life, Like three blind mice?

Modern time

Poet John Milton, who was blind in middle age, composed On His Blindness, a sonnet about coping with blindness. This work presupposes that the best to bear [God] 'a light yoke, they serve it well.

The Dutch painter and carver Rembrandt often portrays scenes from the Book of Tobit, which tells the story of a blind ancestor who was healed by his son Tobias, with the help of the archangel Raphael.

Slaver-changed-abolitionist John Newton composed the Amazing Grace song about a wretched "once lost, but now I'm found, blind, but now I understand." Blindness, in this sense, is used both metaphorically (to refer to someone who does not know but then becomes knowledgeable) and literally, as a reference to those healed in the Bible. In the last years of his life, Newton himself would be blind.

The story of H.G Wells "The Country of the Blind" explores what would happen if a visible man finds himself trapped in a blind country to emphasize public attitudes toward the blind by turning the situation around his head.

Bob Dylan's anti-war song "Blowin 'in the Wind" twice alludes to the blindness of metaphor: How many times can a man turn his head//and pretend that he does not see... How many times should man look up//Before he can see the sky?

Contemporary fiction contains many well-known blind figures. Some of these characters can "see" through fictitious devices, such as the Marvel Comics Daredevil superhero, which can "see" through its super human hearing sharpness, or Star Trek Geordi La Forge, which can be seen with the help of VISOR, a fictitious device that transmits optical signals to its brain.

Sports

People are blind and some are seen in sports, such as swimming, snow skiing, and athletics. Some sports have been created or adapted for the blind, such as a ball of goal, association football, cricket, golf, and tennis. The world authority on sports for the blind is the International Sports Federation. People with visual impairment have participated in the Paralympic Games since the Toronto Summer Paralympics of 1976.

Metaphorical usage

The word "blind" (adjectives and verbs) is often used to indicate a lack of knowledge about something. For example, a blind date is a date in which the people involved have never met before; a blind experiment is one in which information is stored either from the experiment or the participant to reduce the placebo effect or observer bias. The phrase "blindly guiding the blind" refers to people who are unable to lead others who can not afford. Being blind to something means not understanding or realizing it. The "blind spot" is an area where one can not see: for example, where the driver of the car can not see because the body car parts are blocking; metaphorically, a topic in which an individual is unaware of their own biases, and therefore a distortion resulting from their own judgment (see Bias blind spot).



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Research

A 2008 study examined the effects of using gene therapy to help restore the patient's view with a rare form of inherited blindness, known as Leber's congenital amaurosis or LCA. Leber's congenital amarnosis damages the light receptors in the retina and usually begins to affect vision in early childhood, with deteriorating vision until complete blindness around age 30.

The study used a common flu virus to provide a normal version of a gene called RPE65 directly into the eyes of affected patients. Remarkably, all 3 patients, aged 19, 22 and 25, responded well to treatment and reported improved vision following procedures. Due to the patient's age and the degenerative nature of the LCA, increased vision in gene therapy patients encourages researchers. It is hoped that gene therapy may be more effective in younger LCA patients who experience limited vision loss, as well as in other blind or partial blind individuals.

Two experimental treatments for retinal problems include cybernetic replacement and fetal retinal cell transplantation.



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Other animals

The claim that certain species of mammals are "born blind" refers to those who are born with closed eyes and their eyelids fused; eyes open later. One example is a rabbit. In humans, the eyelids fuse briefly before birth, but are open again before the normal birth time; However, very premature babies are sometimes born with their unified eyes, and then open. Other animals, such as blind mole rats, are completely blind and depend on other senses.

The theme of blind animals has become one of the strongest in literature. The award-winning drama Tony Shaffer, Equus , tells the story of a boy who blinded six horses. The young adult classic novel Theodore Taylor, The Trouble With Tuck , tells of a teenage girl, Helen, who trains her blind dog to follow and trust the eye-seeing dog.



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See also






References






External links







• Blindness in Curlie (based on DMOZ)
• Ã, Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Blindness". EncyclopÃÆ'Â|dia Britannica (issue 11). Cambridge University Press.
• Eye Condition (RNIB)
• Little Shoot Low Vision Information and Resource Center

Source of the article : Wikipedia